Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Earth Science
Regents Review
284
Science
9th Grade
05/17/2013

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Observations are facts derived from the environment by using the five senses.

(Example on back)

Definition
The book is yellowish.
Term

In inferences are conclusions or predictions based on your observations.

(Example on the back)

Definition
The rock is old.
Term

Your senses can be extended (made more precise) by using instruments.

(Example on the back)

Definition
The book is 22 cm.
Term
Classification is organizing observations in a meaningful way.  (Example on the back)
Definition
The book is science fiction.
Term

Mass

The amount of _______ in an object.

Definition

Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

Term

Volume 

The amount of _______ an object occupies.

Definition

Volume

The amount of space an object occupies.

Term
The _________ of any given substance will remain the same regardless of the size, shape, or mass of the sample.
Definition
The density of any given substance will remain the same regardless of the size, shape, or mass of the sample.
Term

As the pressure increases, the density of a substance will __________. 

Choices:  decrease, increase

Definition

As the pressure increases, the density of a

 substance will increase.

Term

As the temperature increases,

the density will ___________.

Choices:  increase, decrease

Definition

As the temperature increases,

the density will decrease.

Term
Water expands when it ________ causing density to __________.
Definition
Water expands when it freezes causing density to decrease.
Term
Most changes are _________, which means that they are predictable (repeating pattern).
Definition
Most changes are cyclic, which means that they are predictable (repeating pattern).
Term
Dynamic Equilibrium means ________ are occurring but overall they  _________ out
Definition
Dynamic Equilibrium means changes are occurring but overall they balance out
Term

Most subtances are densest as a ________. 

Choices:  solid, liquid, gas

Definition
Most subtances are densest as a solid.
Term
Water is densest at __°C, when it is a ____.
Definition
Water is densest at  4 °C, when it is a liquid.
Term

Objects more dense than water ________, 

Objects less dense that water _________.

 Choices:  float, sink

Definition

Objects more dense than water sink

Objects less dense that water float.

Term
Because the Earth bluges slightly at the equator and is slightly flattened at the poles it is called an _________  ___________.
Definition
Because the Earth bluges slightly at the equator and is slightly flattened at the poles it is called an oblate spheroid.
Term

The equatorial diameter is __________ than the polar diameter.

 Choices:  less, greater

Definition
The equatorial diameter is greater than the polar diameter.
Term

A person would weigh slightly _________ at the poles because he/she is __________ to the center of the Earth. 

Choices:  less, more

             closer, further

Definition
A person would weigh slightly more at the poles because he/she is closer to the center of the Earth.
Term
The best model of the Earth's shape is a ______________.
Definition

The best model of the Earth's shape is a sphere (ping-pong ball).

 

 

Term

Evidence for a round earth.

(List four)

Definition
  1. photos from space (best)
  2. ships disappear slowly over the horizon
  3. Earth's shadow on the moon is curved (lunar eclipse)
  4. Polaris = latitude, gravity measurements are difference.
Term

The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer's _________________. 

Choices:  latitude, longitude

Definition

The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer's

latitude.

 

Term
Polaris is located above the Earth's northern ________  of  __________.
Definition

Polaris is located above the Earth's northern

axis of rotation.

Term

You can only see Polaris in the ___________ hempisphere.

Always need to look _____ to see Polaris.

Choices:  northern, southern

             north, south

Definition

You can only see Polaris in the northern hempisphere.

 Always need to look north to see Polaris.

Term

As a person's latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris _________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

As a person's latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris increases.

 

Term

If you're 90°N, then Polaris is  _______ degrees above the horizon.

If you're at 0°, then Polaris is  ____ degrees.

Definition

If you're 90°N, then Polaris is 90 degrees above the horizon. 

If you're at 0°, then Polaris is  0  degrees.

Term

_________ lines run left to right (horizontal) but measure distances ______ and _____. 

Choice:  latitude, longitude

            (describe direction)

Definition
Latitude lines run left to right (horizontal) but measure distances north and south.
Term

_________ lines run up and down(vertical) but measure distances ______ and _____ of the Prime Meridian.

Choice:  latitude, longitude

           (describe direction)

Definition
longitude lines run up and down(vertical) but measure distances east and west of the Prime Meridian.
Term
Approximate latitude of NY is _____ N to _____ N and _____ W to _____ W
Definition
Approximate latitude of NY is 41° N to 45° N and 72° W to 75° W
Term
Longitude is based on earth's rotation of 15°/hour and the sun's apparent motion.
Definition
[image]
Term

If you travel west, time becomes less.

 If you travel east, time will increase.

Definition
[image]
Term

The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the _________ the slope (gradient). 

Choices:  lesser (shallower)

             greater (steeper)

 

Definition

The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the greater the slope (gradient).

 

 

Term
Contour lines always bend at a stream forming a "V" that points in the opposite direction of flow.
Definition
[image]
Term

Definition

The elevation increase between two contour lines  Ocean/sea level = 0

Definition
Contour Interval
Term

Streams alway flow from ______ to ______ elevation. 

Choices:  low, high

Definition
Streams always flow from high to low elevation.
Term

Hydrosphere = water (oceans)

 Lithosphere = crust (continental/oceanic)

 Atmosphere = Layers of gasses

Definition
Term

Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when ______ to the earth. 

Choices:  farther, closer

Definition

Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon)gets larger when closer to the earth.

 

 

Term
The red shift (Doppler Effect) and cosmic background radiation is evidence for the Big Bang Theory.
Definition
Term

Light from distant galaxies show a shift to the ______ end of the visible spectrum, which is evidence that the univers is __________. 

Choices:  colors of spectrum

             collapsing or expanding

Definition
Light from distant galaxies show a shift to the red end of the visible spectrum, which is evidence that the univers is expanding.
Term
Our sun is a medium size (Main Sequence) star in the galaxy called the __________.
Definition

Our sun is a medium size (Main Sequence) star in the galaxy called the Milky Way.

 

 

Term

Most stars spend a majority of their life as an average ________ __________ star.

(ESRT p 15)

Definition

Most stars spend a majority of their life as an average main sequence star.

 

Term
Our sun will eventually swell up to be a red giant then shrink down into a white dwarf.
Definition
[image]
Term

Stars get their energy from ______ ______.

(4 hydrogen into 1 helium)

Definition
Stars get their energy from nuclear fusion
Term
The theory of the formation of the universe is called the _______ ________ Theory.
Definition
The theory of the formation of the universe is called the Big Bang Theory.
Term

The inner Terrestrial (rocky) planets are composed of _______ _______ and have ______ average density. 

Choices:  none

             low or high

Definition

The inner Terrestrial (rocky) planets are composed of solid rock and have high average density.

 

Term

The outer Jovian (gaseous) planets are composed of ________ and have ______ average density. 

 Choices:  No choice

              low or high

Definition

The outer Jovian (gaseous) planets are

 composed of gas and have low average density.

Term
Stars like the Sun appear to move at _____ per hour because the earth _______ 15 degrees per hour.
Definition

Stars like the Sun appear to move at 15° 

per hour because the earth rotates 15 degrees per hour.

Term
The only star that does not appear to move is ___________ because it is located directly above the Earth's _____ ___ ________.
Definition

The only star that does not appear to move is Polaris because it is located directly

above the Earth's axis of rotation.

 

 

Term
The earth __________ from west to east (24 hours) at a rate of _____ degrees per hour.
Definition
The earth rotates from west to east (24 hours) at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.
Term
The earth ________ around the sun (365 ¼ days).
Definition
The earth revolves around the sun (365 ¼ days).
Term

All celestial objects appear to move from _______ to _______. 

Choices:  east, west, north, south

Definition
All celestial objects appear to move from east to west.
Term
The moon has phases because it ________ around the _______.
Definition
The moon has phases because it revolves around the earth.
Term
Eclipses only occur at the ______ moon and full moon phases.
Definition
Eclipses only occur at the new moon and full moon phases.
Term
A lunar eclipse is when the ______ ______ is blocked out.
Definition
A lunar eclipse is when the full moon is blocked out.
Term
A solar eclipse is when the _______ is blocked out.
Definition
A solar eclipse is when the sunlight is blocked out.
Term

Earth's season are caused by:  (3 reasons)

1. ________________________

2. ________________________

3. ________________________

Definition

Earth's season are caused by:

1.  Earth's revolution around the sun.

2.  Tilt of the Earth's axis

3.  Constant direction of the Earth's axis.

Term
Evidence of Earth's revolution around the Sun is the changing ________ and __________ throughout the year.
Definition
Evidence of Earth's revolution around the Sun is the changing seasons and constellations throughout the year.
Term

Summer solstice is on ________ (date)

The _______ hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of _______.

Sun rise is _____ of east, and sunset is _____ of west.

Definition

Summer solstice is on June 21. 

The Northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.  The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of CancerSun rise is north of east, and sunset is north of west.

Term

Winter solstice is on _________ (date)

The _______ hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of _______.

Sun rise is _____ of east, and sunset is _____ of west.

Definition

Winter solstice is on December 21 

The Southern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun.

The direct rays of the sun hit the tropic of Capricorn.

Sun rise is south of east, and sunset is south of west.

Term

Equinoxes are ______ and _____ (dates)

The direct rays of the sun hit the  ____.

Sun rise is _____ , and sunset is _____.

Definition

Equinoxes are March 21 and September 23 

The direct rays of the sun hit the  Equator.

Sun rise is due East, and sunset is due West.

Term
Duration of insulation = ____ hours on the equinox
Definition

Duration of insulation =  12  hours on the equinox

 

Term

The three important locations that receive the direct/perpendicular rays of the sun are

1.

2.

3.

Definition

The three important locations that receive the direct/perpendicular rays of the sun are

1.  Tropic of Cancer, 23.5°N

2.  Equator, 0°

3.  Tropic of Capricorn, 23.5°S

Term
Greatest angle of insolation/ perpendicular/ vertical rays of the Sun (overhead Sun) can only occur between ___ °N and ___ °S.
Definition
Greatest angle of insolation/ perpendicular/ vertical rays of the Sun (overhead Sun) can only occur between 23.5 °N and 23.5° °S.
Term
The maximum duration of insolation is _____ hours.
Definition

The maximum duration of insolation

is  24  hours.

 

Term
The greatest duration of insolation can only occur at _____ °N or _____°S.
Definition
The greatest duration of insolation can only occur at  90  °N or  90 °S.
Term
The largest angle of insolation is _____ degrees.
Definition
The largest angle of insolation is  90  degrees.
Term

As the sun's angle of insolation increases, the sun's intensity _________. 

Choices:  increases, decreases

Definition

As the sun's angle of insolation increases, the sun's intensity increases.

 

Term
The equator always has _____ hours of daylight.
Definition

The equator always has  12  hours of daylight.

 

Term

The higher the altitude of the sun, the _______ the shadow. 

Choices:  shorter, longer

Definition
The higher the altitude of the sun, the shorter the shadow.
Term

Shadows are the longest at ______ or ______ (time of day).

Shadows are the shortest at ______ (time of day)

Definition

Shadows are the longest at

 sunrise or sunset  

Shadows are the shortest at noon.

Term

Noon shadows are the shortest in NY on ________ (date).

Noon shadows are the longest in NY on _________ (date).

Definition

Noon shadows are the shortest in NY on June 21

Noon shadows are the longest in NY on December 21.

Term
In NY, an observer must always look ______ to see the sun at noon.
Definition

In NY, an observer must always look 

south to see the sun at noon.

Term

The sun is ______ at an observer's

zenith in NY. 

Choices:  always, sometimes, never

Definition

[image]

The sun is never at an observer's

zenith in NY.

Term
Winds, ocean currents and anything else moving across Earth are deflected (curved) because of the __________ _________.
Definition

 

Winds, ocean currents and anything else moving across Earth are deflected (curved) because of the Coriolis Effect.

Term

Focault's pendulum and Coriolis Effect is evidence that the Earth _________. 

Choices:  rotates, revolves

Definition
Focault's pendulum and Coriolis Effect is evidence that the Earth rotates.
Term

Changing seasons and constellations are evidence that the Earth ______.

Choices:  rotates, revolves

Definition
Changing seasons and constellations are evidence that the Earth revolves.
Term
The Earth is closer to the sun during the _______ season.
Definition

The Earth is closer to the sun during the

Winter season.

 

Term

Preihelion:

Earth is _______ to/from the sun. 

Choices:  away, closest

Definition

Preihelion:

Earth is closest to the sun.

 

Term

Aphelion:

Earth is _______ to/from the sun.

Choices:  away, closest

Definition

Aphelion:

Earth is away from the sun.

 

Term

The closer a planet is to the sun, the ______ its velocity as it orbits 

Choices:  slower, faster

Definition

The closer a planet is to the sun, the

faster its velocity as it orbits.

 

Term

The closer a planet is to the sun, the ______ the gravitational attraction.

Choices:  weaker, stronger

Definition

The closer a planet is to the sun, the

stronger the gravitational attraction.

 

Term
Gravity is greatest when the mass of ojbects are ______ and the distance between them is _______.
Definition
Gravity is greatest when the mass of ojbects are large and the distance between them is distance.
Term

Tides are caused by the _____

gravitational attraction.

Definition

Tides are caused by the moon's

gravitational attraction.

Term

There are _____ (#) high tides and

____ (#) low tides per day

(12.5 hours apart) - a cyclic pattern.

Definition

There are  (#) high tides and

 2  (#) low tides per day

(12.5 hours apart) - a cyclic pattern.

Term
Our solar system is located 3/4 the way down one of the spiral arms of our galaxy, whose name is ____________.
Definition

Our solar system is located 3/4 the way down one of the spiral arms of our galaxy, whose name is Milky Way.

 

Term
A ________ is a cluster of 100-200 billion stars.
Definition

A galaxy is a cluster of 100-200 billion stars.

 

 

Term

The following is in ________ size and age order:

Universe, Galaxy, Solar System, Earth 

Choice:  increasing, decreasing

Definition

The following is in decreasing size and age order:

Universe, Galaxy, Solar System, Earth

 

 

Term
________ model is earth centered.  Everything revolves around the Earth.
Definition

Geocentric model is earth centered.  Everything revolves around the Earth.

 

Term
________ model is sun centered.       Planets revolve around the Sun.
Definition
Heliocentric model is sun centered.     Planets revolve around the Sun.
Term
All planets orbit in _______ (shaped) orbits with the _____ at one foci (one focal point).
Definition
All planets orbit in elliptical (shaped) orbits with the sun at one foci (one focal point).
Term

The farther from the Sun the ______ the orbital path 

Choices:  slower, faster

Definition
The farther from the Sun the slower the orbital path.
Term

As the distance between foci increases, the eccentricity _______.

Choices:  increases (closer to 1)

             decreases (farther from 1)

Definition

As the distance between foci increases, the eccentricity increases (closer to 1).

 

Term
The more _____ the orbit, the less eccentric/elliptical it is.
Definition
The more circular the orbit, the less eccentric/elliptical it is.
Term

The closer the eccentricity is to 0, the more ________ the orbit is. 

The closer the eccentricity is to 1, the more ________ the orbit is.

Definition

The closer the eccentricity is to 0, the more

circular (close to 0) the orbit is. 

The closer the eccentricity is to 1, the more elliptical (close to 1) the orbit is.

Term

The earth's orbit is extremely round, almost perfect, but it is slightly elliptical.

(See ESRT p. 15)

Definition
[image]
Term

The color _____ absorbs energy. 

The color ______ reflects energy.

Definition

The color black absorbs energy.

The color white reflects energy.

Term
Smooth/shiny surfaces ____ more radiation, and rough, dull surfaces ____ more radiation.
Definition
Smooth/shiny surfaces mass more radiation, and rough, dull surfaces mass more radiation.
Term

_______ transfers energy by direct contact (molecules collide).

Choices:  Conduction, Convection

Definition
Conduction transfers energy by direct contact (molecules collide).
Term

Convection:

Heat transfers due to ______ differences.

(gases and liquids)

Definition

Convection:

Heat transfers due to density differences.

(gases and liquids)

[image] 

Term
Hot air and liquids ______ because they are _____ dense and ______.
Definition
Hot air and liquids rise because they are less dense and  lighter .
Term

When air is heated it becomes ______ dense and ______. 

Choices:  less, more

             sinks, rises

Definition
When air is heated it becomes less dense and rises.
Term
Radiation - transfer on energy in the form of electromagnetic ____________.
Definition

Radiation - transfer on energy in the form of electromagnetic waves.

 

Term

Electromagnetic energy is categorized

based on ______________

(p. 14 ESRT)

Definition

Electromagnetic energy is categorized

based on wavelength.

 

Term

The portion of the sun's electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth's surface

with the maximum intensity is

__________ __________.

Definition

The portion of the sun's electromagnetic energy that reaches the Earth's surface

with the maximum intensity is

visiblelight.

 [image]

Term
The ozone is found in the ___________ layer of the atmosphere and absorbs harmful rays known as __________.
Definition

The ozone is found in the stratosphere

layer of the atmosphere and absorbs harmful rays known as ultra violet.

Term
When electromagentic waves are bent due to density differences it is called ___________.
Definition

When electromagentic waves are bent due to density differences it is called

refraction.

 

Term

As the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere increases, the amount of the insolation reaching the earth __________.

Choices:  increases, decreases

Definition

As the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere increases, the amount of the insolation reaching the earth decreases.

 

 

Term
Earth received mainly short wave ___________ _____________ during the day and later reradiates this enrgey back into space as __________ _________ waves (heat energy),
Definition

Earth received mainly short wave

ultraviolet energy during the day and later reradiates this enrgey back into space as infrared energy waves,

Term

Infrared heat energy is absorbed by two gases _________ and ___________

(green house gases)

Definition
Infrared heat energy is absorbed by two gases carbon dioxide and methane
Term

As the amount of carbon dioxide increases, the temperature of the Earth __________. 

Choices:  increases, decreases

Definition

As the amount of carbon dioxide increases, the temperature of the Earth increases.

 

Term

Objects radiate the most amount of energy when their temperatures are _______. 

Choices:  low, high

Definition
Objects radiate the most amount of energy when their temperatures are high.
Term

Energy moves from the source to sink,

or from ______ to _______.

Choices:  low to high

              high to low

Definition

Energy moves from the source to sink,

or from high to low.

Term
Most of the energy that drives surface process come from the ________.
Definition

Most of the energy that drives surface process come from the sun.

 

Term
__________ energy is energy of motion.
Definition
kinetic energy is energy of motion.
Term
__________ energy is stored energy or "energy of position".
Definition

potential energy is stored energy

or "energy of position".

 

Term

There is NO _____________ change

during a phase change.

Definition

There is NO temperature change

during a phase change.

 [image]

Term

Use the ESRT to see which process release energy and which processes gain energy.

(Front Page)

Definition
Term

_________ is heat energy that is

re-radiated by the earth.

Definition

infrared is heat energy that is

re-radiated by the earth.

 

Term

Land heats up _____ than liquid water because it has a _________ specific heat. 

Choices:  slower or faster

              lower or higher

Definition
Land heats up quicker than liquid water because it has a lower specific heat
Term

The higher the specific heat, the ______

it takes to heat up and cool down. 

Choices:  slower, faster

Definition

The higher the specific heat, the slower 

it takes to heat up and cool down.

 

Term
Good absorbers of radiation are also good _____________.
Definition
Good absorbers of radiation are also good radiators.
Term
The hottest time of the year is ______ /_______ (approx. months) which is after the angle of insolation.
Definition

The hottest time of the year is July/August which is after the angle of insolation.

 

 

Term
Hottest part of the day is ___ to ___ o'clock (approx time) which is after the greatest angle of insolation.
Definition
Hottest part of the day is  2  to  o'clock which is after the greatest angle of insolation.
Term

As altitude increases, air pressure _______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

As altitude increases, air pressure decreases.

 

Term
Air pressure or barometric pressure is caused by the weight of the air (barometer measures air pressure).
Definition
Term

As altitude increases, the amount of water vapor _________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

As altitude increases, the amount of water vapor decreases.

 

Term
The greatest amount of water vapor is found in the __________ (layer of atmosphere).
Definition

The greatest amount of water vapor is found in the troposphere.

 

Term
The greatest atmospheric pressure occurs in the __________ (layer of atmosphere).
Definition

The greatest atmospheric pressure

occurs in the troposphere.

 

Term

As temperature increases, density of air __________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

As temperature increases, density of air decreases.

 

Term

As temperature increases, air pressure __________.

Choices: decreases, increases

Definition

As temperature increases, air pressure decreases.

 

Term

As moisture content increases (humidity),

air pressure __________. 

Choices: decreases, increases

Definition

As moisture content increases (humidity),

air pressure decreases.

 

Term

As temperature increases, the moisture holding capacity of the air ________. 

Choices: decreases, increases

Definition

As temperature increases, the moisture holding capacity of the air increases.

 

Term

High pressure systems are associated with ________ weather conditions. 

Choices:  rainy, fair

Definition

High pressure systems are associated with fair weather conditions.

 

Term

Low pressure systems are associated with ________ weather conditions. 

Choices: rainy, fair

Definition

Low pressure systems are associated with rainy weather conditions.

 

Term

In low pressure systems, lows blow ________ and _________. 

Choices:  inward, outward

              clockwise, counterclockwise

Definition

In low pressure systems, lows blow inward and counterclockwise.

  

Remember:  LICC

Term

In high pressure systems, winds blow ________ and _________. 

Choices: inward, outward

             clockwise, counterclockwise

Definition

In high pressure systems, winds blow outward and clockwise.

 Remember:  HOC

Term

At the center of a low pressure center, air ______ and _______. 

Choices:  sinks, rises

              converges, diverges

Definition

At the center of a low pressure center, air rises and converges.

Remember:  Low - CO

Term

At the center of a high pressure center, air ______ and _______. 

Choices: sinks, rises

converges, diverges

Definition

At the center of a high pressure center, air sinks and diverges.

Remember:  High - DI

Term

The highest pressure is _____ and ______.

 

Air pressure is lowest when it is ______ and ________.

Choices:  cool, warm

              dry, wet

Definition

The highest pressure is cool and dry.

 

Air pressure is lowest when it is warm and wet.

Term
Winds blow due to difference in _________.
Definition

Winds blow due to difference in air pressure.

 

Term

The more closely spaced the isobars the ________ the wind speed. 

Choices:  slower, faster 

Definition
The more closely spaced the isobars the faster the wind speed.
Term

Winds blow from regions of _______ to ______ pressure. 

Choices:  low to high

              high to low

Definition
Winds blow from regions of high to low pressure.
Term

Winds are named for the direction they are ____________. 

Choices:  heading to

             coming from

Definition

Winds are named for the direction they are coming from.

 

Term
Weather paterns (in the US) move from _______ to ________, because we are located in the ________ __________ planetary wind belt.
Definition
Weather paterns (in the US) move from west to east, because we are located in the prevailing westerlies planetary wind belt.
Term

Picture of Cold front or Warm front?

[image]

Definition

Cold Front

(visual)

Term

Cold front or Warm front?

[image]

Definition

Warm Front

(visual)

Term

Fronts are associated with ______ pressure.  Clouds and precipitation. 

Choices:  low, high

Definition

Fronts are associated with low pressure.  Clouds and precipitation.

 

Term
A front is a boundary between 2 air masses.
Definition
Term

When warm air rises, it _______, _______, and __________. 

Choices:  contracts, expands

              cools, warms

              condenses, evaporates

Definition

When warm air rises, it expands, cools, and condenses.

RECC

Term
In order for clouds to form, the air needs to be ________ and _________ ________ must be available.
Definition

In order for clouds to form, the air needs to be saturated and condensation nuclei

must be available.

Term
The closer the air temperature is to the dew point, the _______ the relative humidity and the greater the chance of __________.
Definition
The closer the air temperature is to the dew point, the higher the relative humidity and the greater the chance of precipitation.
Term
Air mass characteristics (temperature, moisture) are determined by the ______ _______.
Definition
Air mass characteristics (temperature, moisture) are determined by the source region.
Term

The mT air mass that affects NY's weather is _______ and _______ and forms over the ________________. 

Choices:  dry, moist

             warm, cold

             location?

Definition
The mT air mass that affects NY's weather is moist and warm and forms over the Gulf of Mexico.
Term

cP air masses are _______ and _______ and form over ___________. 

Choices: dry, moist

            warm, cold

            location? 

Definition
cP air masses are dry and cold and form over Central Canada.
Term
A percentage of the amount of moisture in the air to the maximum amount it can hold.
Definition
Relative humidity
Term

Saturation

When the air is holding the __________ amount of water it can hold.

Choices:  minimum, maximum

Definition

Saturation

When the air is holding the

maximum amount of water it can hold.

 

Term

Dew Point Temperature

Temperature at which __________ occurs (air is saturated).

Definition

Dew Point Temperature

Temperature at which condensation occurs.

 

Term
When the air temperature equals the dew point temperature, relative humidity is ______.
Definition

When the air temperature equals the dew point temperature, relative humidity is

mass.

 

Term

When the air temperature approaches

the dew point temperature,

relative humidity is ________%

Definition

When the air temperature approaches

the dew point temperature,

relative humidity is  100 %

Term

Precipitation ________ pollution and ________ atmospheric transparency. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition
Precipitation decreases pollution and increases atmospheric transparency.
Term

Dry, hot, and windy conditions

_________ the rate of evaporation.

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

Dry, hot, and windy conditions

increases the rate of evaporation.

Term

Tornadoes

(3 facts)

Definition

Tornadoes

1.  short lived (a minute or less)

2.  small in size

3.  get in the basement

Term

Hurricanes

(6 facts)

Definition

1.  low pressure systems

2.  lasts days

3.  very large

4.  high winds

5.  evacuate

6.  stockpile food/water/batteries

Term
Hurricanes get their energy from warm ocean water in mT air mass, die over land, know hurricane track.
Definition
Term

The rate of evaporation increases when surface area _______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition
The rate of evaporation increases when surface area increases.
Term

As particle size increases, permeability ________. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

As particle size increases, permeability increases.

 

Term
Porosity (percentage of empty pore spaces) does not depend on _______ ________.
Definition
Porosity (percentage of empty pore spaces) does not depend on particlesize.
Term

________ particles retain the most water after infiltration.

Choices:  smallest, largest

Definition

smallest particles retain the most water after infiltration.

 

Term

As the slope of the land increases, runoff ________. 

Choice:  decreases, increases 

Definition

As the slope of the land increases, runoff increases.

 

Term

Runoff ______ when a surface in impermeable, saturated, steeply sloped. 

Choice:  decreases, increases 

Definition

Runoff increases when a surface in impermeable, saturated, steeply sloped.

 

Term

In order for infiltration to occur, the ground needs to be ________ and _________. 

Choices:  saturated, unsaturated

              permeable, impermeable

Definition

In order for infiltration to occur, the ground needs to be unsaturated and permeable.

Term
If the rate of precipitation is greater than the rate of infiltration, ______ will occur.
Definition

If the rate of precipitation is greater than the rate of infiltration, runoff will occur.

 

Term

Capillarity (movement of water upward against gravity) increases when particle size _______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

Capillarity increases when particle size decreases.

 

 

Term
Transpiration
Definition
Process by which living plants release water vapor to atmosphere.
Term
The amount of Ep (potential evapotranspiration) depends on ________.
Definition
The amount of Ep (potential evapotranspiration) depends on temperature.
Term
Large bodies of water ______ temperatures.
Definition

Large bodies of water

moderate temperatures.

Term

During the day there is a _____ breeze.

At night a ______ breeze develops. 

Choices:  land, sea

Definition

During the day there is a sea breeze.

At night a land breeze develops.

Term

Continental climates:

______ temperature range.

Cooler _______ and warmer ______.

Definition

large temperature range.

Cooler winters and warmer summers.

Term

Marine climates:

______ temperature range

cooler ______ and warmer ______. 

Choices:  small, large

             summers, winters

Definition

small temperature range

cooler summers and warmer winters.

Term

The windward side of a mountain is _____ and _____. 

The leeward side is _____ and _______.

Choices:  cool, warm

             dry, wet

Definition

The windward side of a mountain is cool and wet.

The leeward side is warm and dry.

Term

Label the diagram, what happens to the air as it rises and sinks on either side?

[image]

 

 

Definition
[image]
Term
Ocean currents are caused by ______, and are deflected due to the ______ _______.
Definition
Ocean currents are caused by wind, and are deflected due to the Coriolis Effect.
Term

As latitutude increases, temperature _________.

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition

As latitutude increases, temperature decreases.

 

Term

As elevation increases, temperature ________. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition
As elevation increases, temperature decreases.
Term
________ is the force behind all erosion.
Definition
Gravity is the force behind all erosion.
Term
_______ ________ is the primary agent of erosion.
Definition
running water is the primary agent of erosion.
Term
Stream velocity depends on ______ and _______.
Definition
Stream velocity depends on gradient and volume(discharge).
Term
The size of the particle transported depends on the stream's ______.
Definition
The size of the particle transported depends on the stream's velocity.
Term

Heavy-dense-round particles settle _____ in water. 

Choices:  first, last

Definition
Heavy-dense-round particles settle first in water.
Term

Graded bedding (vertical sorting) _______ sediments are on the bottom.

 

Choices:  small, large

Definition
Graded bedding (vertical sorting large sediments are on the bottom.
Term

Glacial sediments are ______, scratched and form ____ - shaped valleys. 

Choices:  sorted, unsorted

             letter (shaped)

Definition
Glacial sediments are unsorted , scratched and form "U" - shaped valleys.
Term

Stream deposits are ______, round, and form _____ - shaped valleys. 

Choices:  sorted, unsorted

             letter (shaped)

Definition
Stream deposits are sorted, round, and form "V" - shaped valleys.
Term
Rocks are clasified based on ______.
Definition

Rocks are clasified based on origin (how they are formed).

 

Term
Igneous rocks form from the ________ (crystallization) of molten material (lava or magma).
Definition
Igneous rocks form from the solidification (crystallization) of molten material (lava or magma).
Term
Igneous rocks exhibit intergrown / interlocking mineral crystals.
Definition
Term

Vesicular texture - gas pockets (porous). 

An example would be the rock ______.

Definition
pumice, scoria, etc
Term
If an igneous rock cools extremely fast, the rock will exhibit ______ texture.
Definition
If an igneous rock cools extremely fast, the rock will exhibit glassy texture.
Term

When an igneous rock cools fast, _____ crystals form. 

Choices:  small, large

Definition

When an igneous rock cools fast, small crystals form.

 

 

Term

When an igneous rock cools slowly, ______ crystals form. 

Choices:  small, large

Definition
When an igneous rock cools slowly, large crystals form.
Term

Intrusive = ______ ground 

Choices:  below, above

Definition
Intrusive = below ground
Term

Extrusive - ______ ground 

Choices:  above, below

Definition

Extrusive - above ground

 

Term

Mafic rocks are ______ colored with a _____ density. 

Choices:  light, dark

             low, high

 

 

Definition
Mafic rocks are dark colored with a high density.
Term

Felsic rocks are ______ colored with a _____ density. 

Choices:  light, dark

             low, high

Definition
Felsic rocks are light colored with a low density.
Term
Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed by the ________ and _______ of sediments.
Definition
Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments.
Term
Bioclastic - form from the compaction and cementation of ______ ______.
Definition
Bioclastic - form from the compaction and cementation of living things.
Term
Crystalline sedimentary rocks form from the ________ of water and _________ of dissolved minerals from a solution.
Definition
Crystalline sedimentary rocks form from the evaporation of water and precipitation of dissolved minerals from a solution.
Term
Only rock type to contain fossils.
Definition
sedimentary
Term
Metamorphic rocks are form from pre-existing rocks that have been altered due to _____ and/or _______.
Definition
Metamorphic rocks are form from pre-existing rocks that have been altered due to heat and/or pressure.
Term
_______ rocks may be foliated (banding).
Definition

metamorphic rocks may be foliated.

 

Term

Key words for metamorphic rocks are:

(3 words)

Definition

foliation

re-crystallize

distorted structure

Term
Mineral properties such as cleavage and hardness depend on on the ______ ________ of the molecules.
Definition
Mineral properties such as cleavage and hardness depend on on the internal arrangement of the molecules.
Term
The most common mineral is _____(composed of silicon and oxygen).
Definition

The most common mineral is quartz (composed of silicon and oxygen).

 

Term

Cleavage

the tendency for a mineral to break along _______, ______ surfaces.

Definition

Cleavage

the tendency for a mineral to break along smooth, flat surfaces.

Term

Hardness

the ________ to being ________

Definition

Hardness

the resistence to being scratched

Term

Weathering

break down of rocks at the earth's surface into ________.

Definition

Weathering

break down of rocks at the earth's surface into sediments.

Term
Sediments
Definition
broken down pieces of rock
Term
Soil
Definition
mixture of weathered rock (sediments) and organic remains that cover bedrock
Term

Chemical weathering dominates in ______ and ______ climates.

Choices:  cold, wam

              dry, wet

Definition
Chemical weathering dominates in warm and wet climates.
Term

Physical weathering dominates in ______ and ______ climates.

Choices:  cold, wam

              dry, wet

Definition

Physical weathering dominates in cold and wet climates. 

(good for frost wedging)

Term

As the particle size decreases, the rate of weathering will _______. 

Choice:  decrease, increase

Definition

As the particle size decreases, the rate of weathering will increase.

 

Term

When particles are broken into smaller pieces, the surface area ______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition
When particles are broken into smaller pieces, the surface area increases.
Term

Sediments are classified based on their ______ ______

(i.e. 0.02 cm particles are sand)

Definition

Sediments are classified based on their

particle size

(i.e. 0.02 cm particles are sand)

Term
Erosion
Definition
movement of sediments
Term
______ is the ultimate force behind erosion.
Definition
Gravity is the ultimate force behind erosion.
Term
______ ______ is the primary agent of erosion.
Definition
running water is the primary agent of erosion.
Term
Dissolved mineral are carried in ______.
Definition
Dissolved mineral are carried in solution.
Term
Silt/clay colloids are carried by ______.
Definition
Silt/clay colloids are carried by suspension.
Term
Sand/pebbles slide and bounce along the bottom.
Definition
Term

As the velocity increases, the size of the sediments a stream can transport ______. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition
As the velocity increases, the size of the sediments a stream can transport increases.
Term

As the slope/gradient of a stream increases, the size of the sediments a stream can transport ______. 

Choices: decreases, increases

Definition

As the slope/gradient of a stream increases, the size of the sediments a stream can transport increases.

 

Term

As the discharge (an amount of water in a stream) increases, velocity will ______. 

Choices: decrease, increase

Definition
As the discharge (an amount of water in a stream) increases, velocity will increase.
Term

The velocity of a stream is greatest on the ______  (point) of a meander (bend).

 

[image] 

Choices:  inside, outside

Definition

The velocity of a stream is greatest on the outside (point C) of a meander (bend).

[image]

Term

Erosion occurs on the _____ of a meander (bend) where the velocity is ______.

 [image]

Choices: inside, outside

             slow, fast

Definition

Erosion occurs on the outside (point C) of a meander (bend) where the velocity is fast.

 

[image]

Term

Deposition occurs on the _______ of a meander (bend) where the velocity is ______.

 

Choices: inside, outside

             slow, fast

Definition

Deposition occurs on the inside of a

meander (bend) where the velocity is slow.

Term
_______,  _______, _________, particles are the first to settle out of water as the water slows down (sorting sediments).
Definition
largedense, round, particles are the first to settle out of water as the water slows down (sorting sediments).
Term
Sediments transported by water are ______ and ______ due to abrasion.
Definition
Sediments transported by water are round and smooth due to abrasion.
Term
Streams erode in a ____ - shaped valley.
Definition
Streams erode in a "V" - shaped valley.
Term
Sediments deposited by glaciers are ______, (all mixed up in size and shape).
Definition

Sediments deposited by glaciers are

unsorted, (all mixed up in size and shape).

 

Term
Glaciers erode in a _____ - shaped valley.
Definition

Glaciers erode in a "U"- shaped valley.

 

Term
After a glacier has moved through an area, the bedrock is _____ and ______ with parallel glacial striations (scratches).
Definition
After a glacier has moved through an area, the bedrock is smooth and polished with parallel glacial striations (scratches).
Term

Wind deposits consist of:

fine, grained, well sorted particles (sand)

particles exhibit a pitted/frosted appearance

cross-bedded layers

 

Definition
Term

Residual soil

developed from the bedrock below it, ____ mineral composition as the bedrock below it

Choices:  same, different 

Definition
developed from the bedrock below it, same mineral composition as the bedrock below it
Term

Transported soil

transported from another location; ____ mineral composition than the bedrock below it.

Choices: same, different

Definition
transported from another location; different mineral composition than the bedrock below it
Term
_________ drift moves sand along the beach in the direction of the ocean current.
Definition
longshore drift moves sand along the beach in the direction of the ocean current.
Term
Folds, faults, and ____ provide evidence that the earth's crust has moved.
Definition
Folds, faults, and tilts provide evidence that the earth's crust has moved.
Term
Earthquake is a sudden movement along a fault, usually happens at the ______ _______.
Definition
Earthquake is a sudden movement along a fault, usually happens at the plate boundaries.
Term
Tsunami
Definition
(tidal wave) caused by an underwater earthquake.
Term
Fossils of marine life found at high elevation are evidence of _______.
Definition
Fossils of marine life found at high elevation are evidence of uplift.
Term
Evidence of continental drift (Pangea)
Definition

the puzzle-like appearance of the continents (S. America, Africa)

South America and Africa have the same:  fossils, rock layers, climactic evidence (i.e. glacier in Africa)

Term
Mid-Ocean ridges (spreading center) are areas where _____ ______ is being created as tectonic plates move apart.
Definition

Mid-Ocean ridges (spreading center) are areas where newcrust is being created

as tectonic plates move apart.

[image]

Term

________ Plate Boundary

 Two plates move apart

Definition

Divergent Plate Boundary 

Two plates move apart

Term

________ Plate Boundary 

Two plates move towards one another

Definition

Convergent Plate Boundary

Two plates move towards one another

Term

Proof of sea floor spreading

The age of the ocean floor is ______ at the mid ocean ridges and gets _____ as you move away in either direction.

There is also a matching pattern of the earth's _______ polarity on either side of the ridge.

Definition

Ocean floor is younger at the mid ocean ridges and gets older as you move away

Matching pattern of the earth's magnetic polarity on either side

[image]

Term
Inferences about Earth's interior comes from the study of ______ _______.
Definition
Inferences about Earth's interior comes from the study of seismic waves.
Term
Earthquakes and volcanos happen in the same spot, near _____ ________.
Definition
Earthquakes and volcanos happen in the same spot, near plate boundaries.
Term

____ ______ are not associated with plate boundaries;  magma burns through plate =

a series of islands (ex:  Hawaii)

Definition

Hotspots are not associated with

plate boundaries;  magma burns through plate = a series of islands (ex:  Hawaii)

Term
Continental crust is ______ with a density of ________  and is composed of ______.
Definition
Continental crust is older with a density of 2.7 g/cm3 and is composed of granite.
Term
Oceanic crust is _______, with a density of _______, and is composed of _________.
Definition
Oceanic crust is younger, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3, and is composed of basalt.
Term

When a continental plate collides with an oceanic plate, the _____ plate subducts because it is ______ dense. 

Choices:  continental, oceanic

             less, more

Definition

When a continental plate collides with an oceanic plate, the oceanic plate subducts because it is more dense.

[image]

Term

_______ Boundary

Plates slide past each other

(ex:  San Andreas Fault)

Definition

Transform Boundary

Plates slide past each other

(ex:  San Andreas Fault)

Term
Subduction zones/Trenches are where ______ _____ is destroyed.  (recycled)
Definition
Subduction zones/Trenches are where oceanic crust is destroyed.  (recycled)
Term
_________ _________ in the asthenosphere (mantle) cause the plates to move.
Definition
Convection currents in the asthenosphere (mantle) cause the plates to move.
Term

P-waves travel ______ than S-waves. 

Choices:  slower, faster

Definition
P-waves travel faster than S-waves.
Term

P-waves travel through _____ and ______, but S-waves travel though _____ only. 

Choices:  liquids, solids

Definition
P-waves travel through solids and liquids, but S-waves travel though solids only.
Term
We can infer that the outer core is ______ because ___ - waves cannot penetrate it.
Definition

We can infer that the outer core is liquid because  S  - waves cannot penetrate it.

liquid

S

Term
One seismic station can determine the ______ to the epicenter.
Definition
One seismic station can determine the distance to the epicenter.
Term

As the distance from the epicenter increases, the time lag between the P and S wave ________. 

Choices:  decreases, increases

Definition
As the distance from the epicenter increases, the time lag betweenthe P and S wave increases.
Term

You need ______ seismic stations to plot an epicenter of an earthquake. 

Choice:  number

Definition
You need  3  seismic stations to plot an epicenter of an earthquake.
Term

Undisturbed strata

bottom layer is _____, top layer is ______. 

Choices:  youngest, oldest

Definition
bottom layer is oldest, top layer is youngest.
Term

Intrusions in faults are _______ than the rock they affect. 

Choices:  younger, older

Definition
Intrusions in faults are younger than the rock they affect.
Term
An _________ is a buried erosional surface.  (Means missing time/gap in rock record.)
Definition
An unconformity is a buried erosional surface.  (Means missing time/gap in rock record.)
Term

An arid landscape has ______ slopes with _____ angles. 

Choices:  gentle, steep

               low, high

Definition
An arid landscape has steep slopes with with high angles.
Term

A humid landscape has ______ slopes with _____ angles. 

Choices:  gentle, steep

               low, high

Definition
A humid landscape has gentle slopes with low angles.
Term
A landscape is determined by the climate, bedrock and geological structures.
Definition
Term

Stream Drainage patterns

______ patterns for MTs; dendritic pattern for _______;  plateaus have a rectangular or ____ pattern

[image]

Definition
radial patterns for MTs;  dendritic pattern for downhill;  plateaus have a rectangular or trellis pattern
Term

Uranium-238 dates ____ rocks.

Choices:  old, new

Definition
Uranium-238 dates old rocks.
Term
Carbon-14 dates _____, once living rocks.
Definition
Carbon-14 dates organic, once living rocks.
Term

The half-life of a radioactive element ______ be changed. 

Choices:  can, cannot

Definition
The half-life of a radioactive element cannot be changed.
Term
The half-life of an element is the amount of time it takes for _____ of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms.
Definition
The half-life of an element is the amount of time it takes for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms.
Term

Half life never changes.

NO MATTER WHAT!

Radioactive elements decay forever!

Definition
Term
To be a useful index fossil, as species, must have lived for _____ period of time over a ________ geographic area.
Definition
To be a useful index fossil, as species, must have lived for narrow period of time over a widespread geographic area.
Term
Layers of volcanic ash are good time markers because they are deposited ______ over a _______ area
Definition
Layers of volcanic ash are good time markers because they are deposited quickly over a widespread area
Term
In NY, fossils of corals reveal NY was once under a warm shallow sea (NY was near the equator)
Definition
Term
Geologic time is divided into units based on _______ evidence.
Definition
Geologic time is divided into units based on fossil evidence.
Term

In general, life has evolved from

the ______ to the ____ ______.

Definition

In general, life has evolved from

the simple to the more complex.

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