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Earth Science
Geology Exam
130
Geology
Undergraduate 2
09/20/2009

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Term
ELEMENTS are the building blocks on ______________
Definition
MINERALS
Term
Definition of a MINERAL
Definition
1. Natural
2. Inorganic
3. Solid
4. Posses an orderly internal structure of atoms
5. Have a definite chemical composition
Term
ATOMS are the ________________ particles of matter
Definition
SMALLEST
Term
the ____________ is the central part of the atom
Definition
NUCLEUS
Term
the NUCLEUS is made up of __________ and _____________ with ______________ surround it in the shells.
Definition
PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

ELECTRONS
Term
ATOMS will ___________________ to create a bond
Definition
share electrons
Term
Physical properties of a MINERAL
Definition
1. crystal form
2. luster
3. color
4. streak
5. hardness
6. cleavage
Term
how to determine the physical properties of a mineral
Definition
1. fracture (how it breaks)
2. specific gravity (how dense it is)
3. other properties - taste, smell, elasticity
4. feel
5. magnetism
6. double refraction
7. reaction to hydrochloric acid
Term
the most abundant atoms in Earth's crust are ____________ and _____________
Definition
oxygen and silicon
Term
you combine silicon and oxygen to create ____________
Definition
SILICATES
Term
the most common mineral group are the _______________________
Definition
rock-forming silicates
Term
_______________ are already identified deposits
Definition
MINERAL RESERVES
Term
_____________ are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit
Definition
ORES
Term
all earth materials must be either a _______, ____________, or _____________
Definition
ROCK, SEDIMENT, or MAGMA
Term
ROCK CYCLE=
Definition
magma--> igneous rock --> sediment --> sedimentary rock --> metamorphic rock
Term
Igneous Rocks form when ___________
Definition
MAGMA COOLS
Term
rocks inside the earth are called
Definition
plutonic or intrusive
Term
rocks formed on the surface are called
Definition
volcanic or extrusive
Term
classifying of igneous rock=
Definition
classification is based on texture and mineral composition
Term
igneous rocks solidify at temps _______________
Definition
closest to those of the earths surface
Term
naming of igneous rocks -
Definition
Basaltic Rocks, Andesitic (intermediate), and ultramafic
Term
sedimentary rocks are the _________________ of the three groups
Definition
MOST COMMON
Term
makes up about ________ of all rock outcrops
Definition
75%
Term
Sedimentary rock's economic importance
Definition
coal, petroleum, and natural gas, iron and aluminum
Term
we classify sedimentary rocks based on their ________________
Definition
ORIGIN
Term
two groups of sedimentary rock
Definition
detrital, and chemical
Term
sedimentary rocks are produced through _______________
Definition
LITHIFICATION
Term
features of sedimentary rock
Definition
strata or beds, bedding planes, fossils
Term
METAMORPHIC rocks are "_________ _________" rocks because
Definition
they "bake" together
Term
Metamorphic rocks are transformed in a process called
Definition
METAMORPHISM
Term
types of metamorphism
Definition
contact, regional
Term
Metamorphic rock textures
Definition
FOLIATED and NONFOLIATED
Term
what is foliation
Definition
when you can still see layers but they have been melted together
Term
most important ore deposit are generated from
Definition
hydrothermal solutions
Term
what is deformation
Definition
general term that refers to all changes in the original form and or size of a rock body
Term
most crustal deformation occurs along
Definition
plate margins
Term
igneous and metamorphic rock are much ___________ so they will break and sedimentary rock is much softer so it will ____________.
Definition
harder, fold
Term
what are folds
Definition
rocks bent into a series of waves
Term
most folds result from
Definition
compressional forces which shorten and thicken the crust
Term
types of folds
Definition
anticline and syncline
Term
ANTICLINE
Definition
upfolded, or arched, rock layers (like an upside down U)
Term
SYNCLINE
Definition
down folded rock layers
Term
anticlines and synclines can be ________, __________, or ___________
Definition
symmetrical, asymmetrical or overturned
Term
where fold die out they are said to be
Definition
plunging
Term
REVERSE CHRONOLOGY
Definition
on an overturned limb the oldest layer is actually on top
Term
plunging means that it is going into
Definition
the sea
Term
other types of folds
Definition
dome and basin
Term
DOME
Definition
up, like the dome of an old building and old.
Term
in a dome, the oldest rock is in the
Definition
core
Term
BASIN
Definition
low, down and new
Term
what are faults
Definition
faults are breaks in rocks along which movement has taken place
Term
what are joints
Definition
joints are fracture breaks in rocks along which no movement has taken place
Term
dip slip fault
Definition
crack going down

movement along the inclination of a fault plane

parts- Hanging wall- the rock above the fault surface

Footwall- the rock below the fault surface
Term
dip slip faults can be _______ or ________
Definition
normal or reverse and thrust
Term
what is a normal fault
Definition
when the hanging wall moves down
Term
a normal fault is caused by
Definition
pulling apart
Term
what is a reverse and thrust fault
Definition
hanging wall block moves up
Term
a reverse and thrust fault is caused by
Definition
pushing in forces
Term
Reverse faults are dips __________ than 45 degrees and thrust faults are dips ___________ than 45 degrees
Definition
more, less
Term
what is a strike slip fault
Definition
the crack is horizontal and it slides past each other
Term
what is a transform fault
Definition
large strike slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere
Term
what is orogenesis
Definition
the process of mountain building
Term
most mountain building occurs at _______________
Definition
plate boundaries
Term
what is aleutian type mountain building
Definition
when volcanic island arcs form because two oceanic plates converge and one is subducted beneath the other.
Term
what is andean- type mountain building
Definition
when an oceanic plate converges with a continent and is pushed beneath it. like the andes mountains along the sea
Term
what is continental accretion
Definition
small crustal fragments collide with and accrete to continental margins
Term
accreted blocks are called
Definition
terranes
Term
the higher the mountain the ______________ the crust below it has to be
Definition
thicker
Term
what is isostasy
Definition
the concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance. when weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs.
Term
what is elastic rebound
Definition
like the crust has a memory
Term
what is an earth quake
Definition
a sudden release of energy
Term
what is the focus
Definition
the place within the earth where earthquake waves originate
Term
what is the epicenter
Definition
the point on the surface of the earth above the focus
Term
earthquakes do not occur in ____________ they occur in _____________.
Definition
isolation, clusters
Term
how is earthquake intensity determined
Definition
a measure in the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE
Term
how is magnitude of an earthquake determined
Definition
RICHTER SCALE
Term
what is the reichter scale based off of
Definition
the amplitude of the largest seismic wave
Term
the study of earthquake waves is called
Definition
seismology
Term
what is a S Wave
Definition
complex motion, slowest velocity of all waves, travels only through solids
Term
what are P Waves
Definition
push-pull (compressional motion), travels through solids, liquids, and gases, greatest velocity of all earthquakes.
Term
most of our knowledge about earthquakes comes from our study of _________ and _____________
Definition
P and S waves
Term
the CRUST layer
Definition
thin, rocky, outer layer.

Continental Crust- upper crust
Oceanic Crust-Younger, basaltic comp
Term
MANTLE
Definition
below crust
Term
OUTER CRUST
Definition
below mantle
Term
Earths Layers
Definition
Mesosphere
Outer Core
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Inner Core
Term
what is earths shadow zone
Definition
absence of p waves from about 105 degrees to 140 degrees around the globe from an earthquake
Term
what do you need to locate an epicenter
Definition
three station recordings
Term
factors that determine the violence of an eruption
Definition
composition of magma
temp of magma
dissolved gases in the magma
Term
what is the viscosity of magma
Definition
the measure of a materials resistance to flow
Term
factors determining the viscosity of magma
Definition
temp (hotter= slower)
comp (low silica- high viscosity, high silica - low vis)
dissolved gases
Term
types of lava
Definition
pahoehoe lava (braids of ropes)
Aa lava (rough, jagged blocks)
Term
pyroclastic materials
Definition
"fire fragments"
Term
conduit
Definition
pipe that caries gas-rich magma to the surface
Term
vent
Definition
the surface opening (connected to the magma chamber via a pipe)
Term
crater
Definition
steep walled depression at the summit (relatively small)
Term
caldera
Definition
a summit depression grater than 1 diameter (much much bigger than a crater)
Term
types of volcanoes
Definition
shield, cinder, and composite
Term
what is a lahar
Definition
a volcanic mudflow
Term
what is a nuee ardente
Definition
a fiery pyroclastic flow made of hot gases infused with ash
Term
a caldera is formed by a
Definition
collapse
Term
what are volcanic pipes
Definition
pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface
Term
what is a volcanic neck
Definition
are resistant vents left standing after erosion has removed the volcanic cone
Term
an underground igneous body is called
Definition
a pluton
Term
shapes of plutons
Definition
tabular- thin in one of its dimensions
massive- large in three dimensions
Term
pluton orientation
Definition
discordant- cuts across existing structures
concordant - parallel to features such as sedimentary strata
Term
a dike
Definition
a tabular, discordant pluton
Term
a sill
Definition
a tabular, concordant pluton
Term
laccolith
Definition
a massive, concordant pluton
Term
batholith
Definition
a massive, discordance pluton
Term
batholith is the ____________
Definition
largest intrusive body
Term
global distribution of igneous rock is _______ random
Definition
not
Term
convergent plate boundaries
Definition
deep ocean trenches
Term
divergent plate boundaries
Definition
the greatest volume of volcanic rock is produced along the oceanic ridge system. lithosphere pulls apart
Term
intraplate igneous activity
Definition
activity with a rigid plate. form localized volcanic regions called hot spots.
Term
who proposed the first idea of the continental drift
Definition
alfred wegener
Term
continental drift hypothesis
Definition
supercontinent called pangaea began breaking apart about 200 million years ago
Term
what is the athenosphere
Definition
exists beneath the lithosphere, hotter and weaker than lithosphere, allows motion of lithosphere.
Term
divergent
Definition
moving apart
Term
convergent
Definition
coming together
Term
transform
Definition
sliding past each other
Term
oceanic-continental convergence
Definition
denser oceanic slab sinks into the asthenosphere, magma develop and rise, volcanic arcs form
Term
oceanic-oceanic convergence
Definition
two oceanic slabs converge and one descends beneath the other, often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor
Term
continental- continental convergence
Definition
when subducting plates contain continental material and the two continents collide. **HIMALAYAS**
Term
paleomagnetism
Definition
prob the most persuasive evidence of continental drift, magnetism.
Term
the oldest part of ocean floor is by the ______ because magma creates new floor at spreading center
Definition
land
Term
where the deep earthquakes are around the world are in the direction _________________
Definition
the plates are diving
Term
deep earthquakes are ___________, shallow earthquakes are _____________
Definition
inland, shore and sea
Term
___________ is the driving force of plate tectonics
Definition
earth's heat
Term
slab-pull and slab-push model
Definition
descending oceanic crust pulls the plate. elevated ridge system pushes the plate
Term
plate-mantle convection
Definition
mantle plumes extend from the mantle core boundary and cause convection within the mantle
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