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| hard parts; explosion; phanerozoic |
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| sounds hard/rough; angular rock; travels small distance |
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| rounded, little bits of material; travels far |
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| earth shaking caused by rapid release of energy |
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| spot within earth where earthquake waves orginate |
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| land surfaces above the hypocenter; ground surface directly above focus; locate based on triangulation-need 3 or more stations |
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| body waves that pass through earth's interior |
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type of seismic wave.
can travel through liquid; fastest moving wave |
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| Secondary Waves (S-waves) |
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type of seismic wave.
shear, shaking motion. |
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| travel along earth's surface (slowest moving) |
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type of surface wave.
move back and forth like a writhing snake |
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type of surface wave.
moves like ripples on a pond; slowest moving wave |
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| study of earthquake waves |
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| instruments that record seismicity (measure wave arrivals and magnitude of motion) |
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| amount of energy released |
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| The breakdown of exposed rock into smaller fragments and dissolved ions is termed____ a.deposition b.erosion c.weathering |
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| The removal and transport of detritus from weathered rock at an outcrop is termed___ a.deposition b.erosion c.weathering |
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| Grains become rounded primarily during___ a.weathering at outcrop b.diagenesis c.transportation d.deposition |
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| Lithified detritus (breakdown products of preexisting rocks) forms which kind of sedimentary rock? a.biochemical b.chemical c.clastic d.organic |
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| Physical precipitation of halite due to evaporation of seawater produces which kind of sedimentary rock? a.biochemical b.chemical c.clastic d.organic |
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| Clastic sedimentary rocks are primarily classified on the basis of___ a.grain size b.degree of sorting c.angularity d.mineral composition |
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| Compaction and cementation of grains occurs during___ a.erosion b.lithification c.transport d.weathering |
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| The difference between breccia and conglomerate is that breccia___ a.is finer-grained than conglomerate b.is coarser-grained than conglomerate c.possesses more angular grains than conglomerate d.possesses more rounded grains than conglomerate |
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| c.possesses more angular grains than conglomerate |
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| The difference between breccia and conglomerate is that conglomerate___ a.is finer-grained than breccia b.is coarser-grained than breccia c.possesses more angular grains than breccia d.possesses more rounded grains than breccia |
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| d.possesses more rounded grains that breccia |
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| A fine-grained clastic rock that splits into thin sheets is___ a.limestone b.shale c.sandstone d.mudstone |
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| Chemical and biochemical rocks are classified primarily on the basis of___ a.grain size b.degree of sorting c.angularity d.mineral composition |
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| Bedding refers to___ a.the development of layering within sedimentary rocks b. the light and dark alternating layers that may be seen in a high grade metamorphic rock c.physical and chemical alterations, including compaction and cementation, that occur as sediment is transformed into rock |
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| a.the development of layering within sedimentary rocks |
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| Diagenesis refers to___ a.the development of layering within sedimentary rocks b.the act of deposition of sediment, which will ultimately form sedimentary rock c.physical and chemical alterations, including compaction and cementation, that occur as sediment is transformed into rock |
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| c.physical and chemical alterations, including compaction and cementation, that occur as sediment is transformed into rock |
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| Sea level rises locally, and marine sediments are deposited on top of terrestrial sediments during events termed___ a.regressions b.transgressions c.divarications |
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| The largest detrital grains are___ a.clay b.gravel c.sand d.silt |
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| The smallest detrital grains are___ a.clay b.gravel c.sand d.silt |
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| ***Metamorphism may be induced by___ a.contact with a hot pluton b.contact with hot groundwater c.heat and pressure associated with deep burial d.all of the above |
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| The process of low=grade metamorphic rocks being altered to form high-grade metamorphic rocks is termed___metamorphism. a.chemical b.prograde c.bolide d.dynamic |
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| Which list properly orders metamorphic rocks from highest to lowest grade? a.conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale b.shale, slate, phyllite, quartzite c.slate phyllite, schist, gneiss d.gneiss, phyllite, schist, slate |
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| c.slate phyllite, schist, gneiss |
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| The preexisting rock which is subsequently altered to form a metamorphic rock is termed a___ a.basement rock b.source rock c.protolith d.premetarock |
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| ___commonly serves as a pre-existing rock in the formation of marble. a.limestone b.sandstone c.shale d.slate |
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| Which type of earthquake wave travels fastest? a.l-wave b.p-wave c.r-wave d.s-wave |
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| Which type of earthquake travels slowest? a.l-wave b.p-wave c.r-wave d.s-wave |
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| The point on earth's surface directly above the point where an earthquake occurs is termed the___ a.hypocenter (focus) b.epicenter c.eye of the fault d.vertex |
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| How many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake? a.one b.two c.three d.four |
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| A tsunami is___ a.an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source b.a low angle reverse fault c.the amount of change in elevation of local sea level caused by surging wave d.the tendency of wet, clay-rich soils to behave like a liquid during an earthquake |
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| a.an earthquake-generated sea wave that can sometimes destroy coastal cities thousands of kilometers from its source |
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| An earthquake with magnitude 5.0 releases___the energy of an earthquake with magnitude 4.0. a.10 times b.400 times c.200 times d.10,000 times |
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| An episode of mountain building is termed a(n)___ a.orogeny b.phylogeny c.aureole d.slickenslide |
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| A cold body of rock is more likely to exhibit___than is a hot body of rock. a.brittle behavior b.ductile behavior |
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| A hot body of rock is more likely to exhibit___than is a cold body of rock. a.brittle behavior b.ductile behavior |
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| The San Andreas fault is this type of fault___ a.strike-slip b.normal c.thrust |
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| A fold shaped like an elongate arch is a(n)___ a.anticline b.basin c.bajada d.syncline |
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| A fold shaped like an elongate trough is a(n)___ a.anticline b.bajada c.dome d.syncline |
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| The portion of a fold with maximum curvature is termed___ a.limb b.hinge c.midsection d.thorax |
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| The sides of a fold where curvature is at a minimum are termed___ a.branches b.limbs c.axial planes d.hinges |
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| James Hutton, the "father of geology", put forth the principle of___ a.superposition b.original continuity c.original horizontality d.uniformitarianism |
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| In an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, younger layers overlay older layers, according to the principle of___ a.superposition b.original continuity c.original horizontality d.uniformitarianism |
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| The surface below sedimentary rocks that overlie igneous or metamorphic rocks is termed a(n)___ a.disconformity b.angular unconformity c.nonconformity |
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| Buried erosional surfaces representing missing time between parallel sedimentary strata are termed___ a.disconformities b.angular unconformities c.nonconformities |
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| Tow atoms of a single element that differ in number of neutrons are said to represent two distinct___of that element. a.isomers b.isotopes. c.isotherms d.atomic species |
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| The Cambrian Period is a time in earth history when___ a.the first abundant shelly organisms appear in the fossil record b.earth's interior was so hot that a solid outer crust,if present, was likely being extensively remelted c.stable continental interiors, termed cratons, first formes d.the dinosaurs appeared and came to dominate large-scale terrestrial life |
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| a.the first abundant shelly organisms appear in the fossil record |
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| The Mesozoic Era is a time in earth history when___ a.the first abundant shelly organisms appear in the fossil record b.earth's interior was so hot that a solid outer crust, if present, was likely being extensively remelted c.stable continental interiors, termed cratons, first formed d.the dinosaurs appeared and came to dominate large-scale terrestrial life |
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| d.the dinosaurs appeared and came to dominate large-scale terrestrial life |
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| The eon represented by abundant deposits of strata with shelly fossils (hard parts) is the___ a.Archean b.Hadean c.Proterozoic d.Phanerozoic |
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| The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary event took place how many millions of years ago? a.540 b.245 c.65 d.25 |
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| The Holocene Epoch began around___ago. a.1million to 2 million years b.200,000 to 300,000 years c.75,000 to 85,000 years d.11,000 to 12,000 years |
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| According to the fossil record, when did the human genus, Homo first appear on earth? a.200 millions years ago b.2.4 million years ago c.100,000 years ago d.10,000 years ago |
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| The official State of Ohio gemstone that is typically found in sedimentary rocks is___ a.jade b.flint c.jasmine d.sapphire |
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| The official State of Ohio fossil that lived during the early Paleozoic is the___ a.Stegasaurus b.Brachiopod c.Trilobite d.Crinoid |
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| The mineral garnet is typically found in this metamorphic rock___ a.marble b.slate c.schist d.quartzite |
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| The uplift of the Appalachian Mountains began during the___ a.Holocene b.Archean c.Hadean d.Paleozoic |
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| The Rocky Mountains were partially uplifted during the Mesozoic Era and the___orogeny. a.Laramide b.Taconic c.Acadian d.Bostonian |
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| Uniformitarianism states that the processes operating in the past were the same as today (and vice versa), but rates can vary. a.true b.false |
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