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Earth Science Terms: 1-100
High school vocabulary review or practice for quizzes and tests; First 100 terms/definitions.
100
Science
Not Applicable
07/25/2005

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Term
Physical weathering
Definition
changing the physical form of rock
Term
Chemical weathering
Definition
breaking down of rock's chemical compostion
Term
Observation
Definition
any information that comes to us by our 5 Senses
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
best guess based on what you know
Term
Measurements (Data)
Definition
Objective measurement- same for everyone
Subjective measurement – personal opinion
Term
Conclusion
Definition
summary that answers the hypothesis with reasons
Term
Theory
Definition
a group of related proven hypotheses
Term
Law
Definition
a group of related proven theories
Term
Inference
Definition
- conclusion drawn from an observation
(A round smooth rock found in a garden probably abraded by running water.)
Term
Instrument
Definition
- a device that extends the use of our senses
balance for mass
ruler for distance
thermometer for temperature
Term
Basic Units
Definition
simplest unit of measure
Term
Derived Units
Definition
a mathematical combination of basic units
Term
Mass
Definition
- amount of “matter” in a substance
Term
Volume
Definition
- amount of space a substance occupies
Term
Temperature
Definition
- the average Kinetic energy (motion)of the molecules in a substance
Term
Basic Units of Measure
Definition
length - meters
mass - grams
time - seconds
temperature - degrees
Term
Derived Units of Measure
Definition
speed - meter/second
acceleration - Meter/second2
weight - newtons = Kilogram*Meter/second2
volume - liters or Meters3
area - meters2
density - mass/volume or grams/centimeter3
Term
Prefix larger than 1
Definition
Kilo (K) 1,000 1 x 103

Hecto (h) 100 1 x 102

Deca (Da) 10 1 x 101
Unit
Term
Prefix smaller than 1
Definition
Prefix smaller than 1
Unit 1 1 x 100
Deci (d) .1 1 x 10-1
Centi (c) .01 1 x 10-2
Milli (m) .001 1 x 10-3
Term
Metric trivia to memorize:
Definition
1 ml = 1 cm3
1 Liter = 1 dm3
Term
How many types of metric conversions?
Definition
2 types:

1 step
2 step
Term
% error = ?
Definition
% error = |your value - true value| x 100 true value

True value = accepted value
Your value = measured value
Term
Scientific Notation
Definition
Number form using 1 integer then a decimal and any remaining numbers times10 to some power.
Ex. 1.63 x 104
Term
Cyclic Change
Definition
Predictable
Sunrise/sunset , tides, seasons
Term
Non-Cyclic Change
Definition
Non-predictable; events
Earthquakes, daily weather, Volcanic eruptions
Term
Interface
Definition
a boundary between to different regions
Term
Static Equilibrium
Definition
– no movement
A sign hanging on a wall is in static equilibrium
Term
Dynamic Equilibrium
Definition
– balanced movement;
When a river erodes as much as it deposits the total net change is zero. However both processes do cause changes.
Term
Land
Definition
Lithosphere is the land
Term
Water
Definition
Hydrosphere is the water
Term
Air
Definition
Atmosphere is the air
Term
Noise
Definition
Can be found in all 3 “spheres”
Term
Population relationship (related to pollution)
Definition
The greater the population, the more pollution.
Term
Line formula
Definition
y = mx+b formula for a line
m = slope
b = y intercept
Term
Independent variable
Definition
independent (x) variable
the variable that you are free to choose
x Axis
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
dependent (y) variable
the variable that is fixed due to choice
y Axis
Ex. Watermelon splat experiment
Term
How do you calculate slope of a line?
Definition
Calculation - Slope = change in rise change in run
Slope = D rise D run
Slope formula = (y2 - y1) (x2 - x1)
gradient = Slope = D field value Distance
see reference tables
Term
What evidence is there that the Earth is Round?
Definition
1 pictures from space (satellites)
2 star positions (Polaris = north star)
Angle of Polaris = Northern latitude degrees
3 ship masts on the horizon
4 shadows of earth on moon (eclipse)
5 gravity measurements the same all over
Best model of earth is a ball because it is not oblate by much.
6 Oceans
Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface
When compared to the thickness of the Earth, the oceans are “tiny puddles” on the surface
Skin of an onion.
Term
Oceans cover what % of the Earth's surface?
Definition
Oceans cover 75% of the earth’s surface
Term
What is "circumference?"
Definition
Circumference = distance around a circle
Term
What is the equation for the circumference of a circle?
Definition
C = 2 p r (r = radius)

(p=pi=3.14)
Term
What are the layers of the atmosphere?
Definition
Atmos-(the air)- the air layers (largest)
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Term
What is a "sphere" of the atmosphere?
Definition
“sphere” of the Atmosphere
areas that have similar properties
Term
What is the lithosphere?
Definition
Litho-(the land)- 72-153 km.
Term
What is the hydrosphere?
Definition
Hydro-(the water)- 75% of surface (Smallest)
Term
In the atmosphere, what is a "pause?"
Definition
“pause” of the Atmosphere
blend of the properties between two spheres
Term
With regard to maps, what is a coordinate system?
Definition
Coordinate system
method of locating places on the earth
Term
What is the latitude of the equator?
Definition
Equator – 0 degrees Latitude
Term
What is the longitude of the Prime Meridian?
Definition
Prime Meridian - 0 degrees Longitude
Term
What is the longitude of the International Date Line?
Definition
International Date line - 180 0 longitude
Term
What is a hemisphere?
Definition
Hemisphere = “half of a sphere”
Term
Describe the path of the Sun in our sky
Definition
Sun Rise in East, Set in West, tracks in the southern sky
Term
In our northern hemisphere, the noonday shadow points in what direction?
Definition
“noonday” shadows point north
Term
Solar Noon?
Definition
– the time of day when the sun is at its highest altitude in the sky. (around noon depending on location)
Term
Latitude?
Definition
Latitude shows degrees N or S from the equator.
Term
What are lines of latitude called?
Definition
Latitude lines are also called parallels
Term
Parallels?
Definition
Parallels are east to west circles around the Earth, parallel to the equator.
Term
What is the range of latitudes?
Definition
Latitudes range from 0 and 90 degrees N or S of the Equator
Term
Longitude?
Definition
Longitude is used to measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian.
Term
What are lines of longitude called?
Definition
Lines of Longitude are called Meridians.
Term
Meridian?
Definition
A Meridian is a half circle that runs from the north to south pole.
Term
Prime Meridian?
Definition
The Prime Meridian runs through Greenwich England.
Right of the Prime meridian are East longitudes and Left are West Longitudes.
Term
Know these time zone facts:
Definition
Time Zones:
The earth spins on its axis once every 24 hours
1 spin = 3600 of rotation
3600 of rotation / 24 hours = 150 per hour
There are 24 time zones on the earth.
Each zone is 150 of longitude in size.
Term
Field
Definition
Fields- an area of space that has a similar property throughout
Term
Vector
Definition
Vectors – a value that has magnitude (number) and direction
Term
Scalar
Definition
Scalars - a value that has magnitude (number) only
40 knots
Term
Types of Iso Lines
Definition
“Iso” Lines:
Isotherms – lines of same temperature
Source --> Sink (Flow go High to Low)

Isobars - lines of same pressure

Contour Lines - lines of same elevation
Term
Topo-Map Contour Lines
Definition
Contour Lines - lines of same elevation
Topographic maps.

Use Map Scales

Close together Steep Cliff; far apart gentle slope.
Term
Contour lines far apart
Definition
When contour lines are far apart, the land is fairly level.
Term
Contour lines close together
Definition
When contour lines are close together the land is very steep.
Term
What are closed circles on a topo map?
Definition
Closed circles or ovals at the end of a rising series of contours show the tops of hills.
Term
Know these rules for reading topo maps (contour lines):
Definition
Contour line Rules:
“Iso” Lines never cross

“V” Shaped contour lines point upstream because of erosion.

upstream leads to source of stream

downstream leads to mouth of stream
Term
What do topo map contour lines tell us?
Definition
the exact height above sea level is known
Term
What is the "gradient" of a location on a contour (topo) map?
Definition
The average slope or gradient between any two points of a sloped surface can be determined from a contour map
Term
Azimuth?
Definition
Azimuth – compass direction 0 – 360 degrees
0 0 = North, 90 0 = East, 180 0 = South, 270 0 = West
Term
Altitude?
Definition
Altitude – the angle above the horizon 0–90 degrees
Term
Zenith?
Definition
Zenith – the highest point overhead 90 0
Term
What is the Geocentric model of the Earth in our universe?
Definition
– the earth as the center of the universe
Old view ; not correct
Term
What is the Heliocentric model of the Earth in our universe?
Definition
– the sun as the center of the solar system
Correct model
Term
Rotation?
Definition
– spins on an axis
Term
How fast does the Earth rotate?
Definition
The earth rotates 15 degrees per Hr.
Term
Revolution
Definition
– the earth orbits the sun
Term
1 Earth orbit around our Sun = ?
Definition
= 1 year = 365.25 days
Term
What is the real-actual cause of the Earth's seasons?
Definition
THE TILT OF THE EARTH CAUSES SEASONS!
Term
Know two proofs (forms of evidence) that the Earth rotates on its axis:
Definition
1)Foucault Pendulum –Pendulum turns 15 degrees per hr

2)Coriolis effect –In the northern hemisphere, winds are deflected to the right
Term
What is one type of evidence that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
Definition
Different star patterns are visible during the different seasons due to the direction that the earth faces at night
Term
What is the Summer Solstice?
Definition
Summer Solstice - “summer extreme” –June 21 –Longest Sunlight
Term
What is the Winter Solstice?
Definition
Winter Solstice - “winter extreme” –December 21 –Shortest daylight
Term
What is the Vernal Equinox?
Definition
Vernal Equinox - “spring equal day and night” –march 21 –12 hrs day and 12 hrs night
Term
What is the Autumnal Equinox?
Definition
Autumnal Equinox - “fall equal day and night” –September 23 –12 hrs day and 12 hrs night
Term
What is an "Equinox?"
Definition
Day and night are equal for both the Northern and Southern hemisphere during the autumnal equinox and vernal equinox. nThe position of the Sun affects how directly sunlight strikes Earth.
Term
Where is the Sun during the Summer Solstice?
Definition
The summer solstice, the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23.50 N latitude)
Term
When does the Summer Solstice occur?
Definition
Occurs June 21, the daylight is the longest of the year for the Northern hemisphere.
Term
Where is the Sun during the Winter Solstice?
Definition
The winter solstice, the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn.(23.50 S latitude)_
Term
When does the Winter Solstice occur?
Definition
Occurs December 21, the daylight is the shortest of the year in the northern hemisphere.
Term
Where does the Sun rise and set on the days of the Equinoxes?
Definition
On the 2 equinox the sun rises exactly in the east and sets exactly in the west
Term
Aphelion
Definition
Farthest Distance from the sun
Term
Perihelion
Definition
Closest distance from the sun
Term
Perihelion
Definition
Closest distance from the sun
Term
"Apparent Size" of the Sun or Moon in the sky:
Definition
–The sun looks bigger in the Winter because it is closer to Earth –The sun looks smaller in the Summer because it is farther from Earth nThe sun does not really change size; it just looks that way –The moon looks larger when it is closer to the Earth –The moon looks smaller when it is farther from the Earth nThe moon does not really change size; it just looks that way
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