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| Cause of Seasons on Earth |
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| Earth's changing orientation to the sun. |
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| Earths two principle motions |
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| Rotation (On Axis) and Revolution (Around Sun) |
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| How Earth's atmosphere is heated |
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| Gases that comprise Earth's Atmosphere |
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Nitrogen (N) 78%
Oxygen (O) 21%w
CO2 Absorbs heat energy from Earth |
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| Time of the year Earth is closest to the sun |
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| Over a short period of time; constantly changing |
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| Over a long period of time; generalized, composite of weather |
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| What the ozone layer does for us |
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| Happens to atmospheric pressure with altitude |
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| Time of year the sun's rays are vertical at Tropic of Cancer, Capricorn and Equator |
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Cancer: Summer Solstice
Capricorn: Winter Solstice
Equator: Spring & Fall Equinox |
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| What heats/cools faster than water |
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| Solid, Liquid, Gas (Plasma-EC) |
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| Processes which water changes states |
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Sublimation (Solid changed directly to gas)
Deposition (Water Vapor changed to a solid) |
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| Ratio of the air's actual water vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor required for saturation at that temperature (and pressure). |
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| Temperature to which a parcel of air would need to be cooled to reach saturation. Cooling the air below the dew point causes condensation. |
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| Processes by which air is lifted |
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| Orographic Lifting, Frontal Wedging, Convergence, Localized Convective Lifting |
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| Cloud associated with Thunderstorms |
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| Rain, Sleet, Snow, Hail that falls to the ground. |
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| Pressure exerted by the atmosphere |
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| Air that moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure |
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| The unequal heating of Earth's Surface |
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| Centers of Low Pressure (Warm Air) Lows |
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| High Pressure at the Center (Cool Air) High's |
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| Continental Polar (cP), Continental Tropical (cT), Maritime Polar (mP), Maritime Tropical (mT) |
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| Primary weather producer of lower 48 states. Move eastward across US |
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| Associated with Super Cell Thunderstorms, Low Pressure Systems and a mix of a cold front and a warm front. |
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| Issued when conditions are favorable (Super Cell Thunderstorms) |
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| Issued when a tornado actually touches the ground (Detected by Doppler Radar or someone calls it in) |
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| Center of the storm, Precipitation & Wind Decrease, Warmest part of the storm |
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| Wall of Cumulonimbus Clouds, Greatest Wind Speeds, Heaviest Rainfall |
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| Hurricane Formation & Decay |
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Definition
| Form everywhere except South Atlantic* and Eastern South Pacific. Dissipate when moving through cooler water, over land, or large scale flow-aloft is unfavorable |
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| Storm Surge (Large swarm of water) sweeps across coast during landfall, High Waves, Heavy Wind, Severe flooding |
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| Hurricane Floyd (Region that suffered the most damage) |
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| Slip on existing faults, Formation of new faults, Shifting magma in a magma chamber, Volcanic eruptions, large landslides, meteorite impacts, underground nuclear bomb tests |
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| Exact location along a fault where rupture and slip occur (or begin) |
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| Point on the surface that lies directly above the focus or hypocenter |
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| Rock mass above a sloping fault plane |
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| Rock mass below a sloping fault plane |
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| Fault planes that slope on an angle |
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| Hanging wall drops down relative to the foot wall (Extension) |
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| Hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall (high angle fault, greater than or equal to 45 degrees) (Compression) |
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| Hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall (high angle fault, greater than or equal to 45 degrees) (Compression) |
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| Lateral movement, fault planes slide past each other with no vertical offset. Fault plane angle is about 90 degrees (Vertical Fault Plane) |
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| Right Lateral Strike Slip |
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Definition
| San Andreas Fault, North Anatolian Fault |
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Term
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Definition
P-Waves (Primary Waves-Compressional Waves)-Fastest
S-Waves (Secondary Waves-Shear Waves) |
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Rayleigh Waves- Surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down vertically (also known as ground roll)-Strong Enough to knock over clouds
Love Waves- Surface waves that cause the ground to ripple back and forth, in a snake-like movement. (Most difficult to civil engineers) |
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| Which causes more damage during an earthquake Surface or Body waves? |
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| Deep vs. Shallow Focus Earthquakes |
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Definition
| Shallow earthquakes cause more damage than deep focus earthquakes, depth plays a part (not just magnitude and epicenter) |
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| Stress accumulates along faults in between earthquakes, faults are not smooth surfaces, have bumps and bend, which produce friction, which keeps faults from moving smoothly. Rocks do not have infinite strength |
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| As friction leads to stress build up, deformation (bending) of rock layers near the fault occurs |
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| Happens to Seismic Waves as they travel away from the epicenter |
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| Refers to a change in shape accompanied by rock breakage (upper 12-16 km depth) |
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| Refers to a change in shape without breakage (below 12-16 km depth) |
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| Experiences fault creep along San Andreas Fault |
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| Hazards associated with earthquakes |
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Definition
| Landslides, liquefaction, fire, tsunamis |
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| Cause of the December 26, 2004 Quake |
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Definition
| Mega Thrust Quake (9.1m), occurred along a subduction zone near Sumatra |
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| Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (Prior to 2004) |
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Definition
| No, installed 18 months later |
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| Do we have a Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific Ocean |
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Definition
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| Not a plate boundary-failed rift, Not a lot of strong earthquakes |
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| 1886 Earthquake, m7.3, not on plate boundary |
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| 1989 Earthquake, m7.1, caused by San Andreas Fault |
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| Due to San Andreas Fault System, Fire further damaged San Francisco |
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Definition
| 1994 Earthquake, m6.7, San Andreas Fault System |
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| Prince William Sound Earthquake |
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Definition
| 1964 Earthquake, m9.2, Subduction Zone |
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| 1960 Earthquake, m9.5 (strongest ever recorded), Quake and Tsunami killed est. 1800 |
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| Rayleigh Waves are strong enough to knock over these (EC) |
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Definition
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| Type of Building Structure that is worst to be in during an earthquake (EC) |
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| What happens East of Rocky Mountains (EC) |
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Definition
| Energy released from an earthquake does not dissipate as quickly as the saves travel outward from the focus |
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| Very progressive in coastal policies (No Hard Stabilizations): We do beach renourishment |
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| Four main ocean Basins (EC) |
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Definition
| Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic |
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