Term
|
Definition
| a biological science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| scientist who uses information from the physical sciences and social sciences to 1) understand how the earth works, 2) learn how humans interact with the earth and 3) develop solutions to environmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| biologist who investigates human impacts on the diversity of life found on the earth and develops practical plans to preserving such biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
| country that has low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capita GNP |
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Term
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Definition
| country that is highly industrailized and has a high per capita GNP |
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Term
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Definition
| undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological charateristics of air, water, soil, or food that can adversely affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms |
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Term
nonpoint source pollution
ex. |
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Definition
large or dispersed land areas
ex.
cropfields, strees, lawns |
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Term
point source pollution
ex. |
|
Definition
single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into the environment
ex.
smokestack of a power plant, drainpipe of a meat packing plant, chimney of a house, or exhaust pipe of a car |
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Term
| planetary managment worldview |
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Definition
| beliefs that 1) we are the planet's most important species, 2) there are always more resources and they are all for us, 3) all economic growth is good, 4) our success depends on how well we can udnerstand, control, and manage the earth's life-support systems for our own benefit |
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Term
| environmental wisdom worldview |
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Definition
| 1) nature exists for all the earth's species, not just for us and we are not in charge of nature, 2) there is not always more, 3) some forms of economic growth is good and some are bad 4) our success depends on working with nature |
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Term
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Definition
| resource that can be replenished rapidly through natural processes |
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Term
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Definition
| resource that exists in a fixed amount and can only be replenished over billions of years |
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Term
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Definition
| collecting and reprocessing a resource so it can be made into new products |
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Term
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Definition
| using a product over and over again in the same form |
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Term
environmental degredation
ex. |
|
Definition
depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource
ex.
soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife
used fater than it is naturally replenished |
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Term
|
Definition
| meaure of the ecological impact of the 1) consumption of food, wood products, and other resources, 2) use of buildings, roads, garbage dumps, and other things that consume land space, and 3) destruction of the forests needed to absorb the CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels |
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Term
|
Definition
the earth's natural materials and processes that sustain other species and us.
ex.
the planet's air, water, soil, wildlife, forests, rangelands, fisheries, minerals |
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Term
| information and globalization revolution |
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Definition
| use of new technologies such as the telephone, radio, tv, computers, internet, to enable people to have increasingly rapid access to much more information on a global scale |
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Term
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Definition
| person concerned about the impact of people on environmental quality who believes some human actions are degrading parts of the eath's life-support systems for humans and many other forms of life |
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Term
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Definition
| person concerned primarily with setting aside or protexting undistubed natural areas from harmful human activities |
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Term
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Definition
| scientist of other person devoted to the partial or ocmplete restoration of natural areas that have been degraded by human activities |
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Term
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Definition
| efforts by citizens to demand that political leaders enact laws and develop policies to 1) curtail pollution, 2) clean up polluted environments, 3) protect pristine areas and species from environmental degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| people who get their food by gathering edible wild plants and other materials and by hunting wild animals and fish |
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Term
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Definition
| educated guess that attempts to explain a scientific law or certain scientific observations |
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Term
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Definition
| well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to discover order in nature and use that knowledge to make predictions about what should happen in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between chemicals in which there is a change in the chemical composition of the elements or compounds involved |
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Term
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Definition
| process that alters one of more physical properties of an element or a compound without altering its chemical composition |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which a change in a certain direction provides information that causes a system to change further in the same direction |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which a change in a certain direction provides information that causes a system to change less in that direction |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical such as H, Fe, Na, C, N, O, whose distinctly different atoms serve as the basic building blocks of all matter |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of atoms or oppositely charged ions, of two or more different elements held together by attractive forces called chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds containing carbon atoms combined with each other and with atoms of one or more other elements such as H, O, N, Cl, Fl. |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change, or are forced to change, into one or more different isotopes |
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Term
| low-waste society/low-throughput economy |
|
Definition
| economy based on working with nature by 1)recycling and reusing discarded matter, 2) preventing pollution, 3) conserving matter, 4) not degrading renewable resources, 5) building easily recyclable materials, 6) not allowing population size to outgrow capacity, 7) preserving biodiversity |
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Term
|
Definition
| reproduction in which a mother cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells that are clones of the mother cell |
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Term
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Definition
| reproduction in organisms that produce offspring by combining sex cells, or gametes ( ovum & sperm ), from both parents |
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Term
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Definition
| existence, abundance, and distribution of a species in an ecosystem are determined by whether the levels of one of more physical or chemical factors fall within the range tolerated by the species |
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Term
| water cycle/hydrologic cycle |
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Definition
| biogeochemical cycle that collects, purifies, and distributes the earth's fixed supply of water from the environment to living organisms and then back to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| cyclic movement of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms then back to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| includes: nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and dentrification |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of the eath and its early crust and atmosphere, evolution of the biological molecules necessary for life, and evolution systems of chemical reactions needed to produce the first living cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| change in the genetic makeup of a population of a species in successive generations |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletons, bones, shells, body parts, leaves, seeds, or impressions of such items that provide recognizable evidence of organisms that lived long ago |
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Term
|
Definition
| small genetic changes a population undergoes |
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Term
|
Definition
| long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes among groups of species |
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Term
directional/differential natural selection
ex. |
|
Definition
individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more offspring that do individuals without such traits
ex.
color of moths |
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Term
stabilizing natural selection
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Definition
elminates organims on wide ends and keeps the "average" organisms
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Term
| diversifying natural selection |
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Definition
| organisms survive that are on the opposite ends, not average |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo various adaptations |
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Term
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Definition
| total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| the full potential range or the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of the fundamental niche of a species that are actually used by that species |
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Term
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Definition
| species with a broad ecological niche |
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Term
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Definition
| species with a narrow ecological niche |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of two species from one species because of divergent natural selection in response to changes in environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| complete disappearance of a species from the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| normal extinction of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| catastophic, widespread, often global event in which major groups of species are wiped out over a short time compared with normal (background) extinctions |
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Term
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Definition
| the boundary between two air masses with different temperatures and desities |
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Term
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Definition
| natural effect that releases heat into the atmosphere near the earth's surface |
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Term
|
Definition
gases in the earth's lower atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect
carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, water vapor |
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Term
|
Definition
| lake with a low supply of plant nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| lake with a large or excessive supply of plant nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| formation produced by massive colonies containing billions of tiny coral animals (polyps) that secrete a stony substance around themselves for protection |
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Term
|
Definition
| warm, nutrient-rich, shallow part of the ocean that extends from the high-tide mark on land to the edge of a shelflife extension of continental land masses known as the continental shelf |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of shoreline between low and high tides |
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Term
|
Definition
| strongly swimming organisms found in aquatic systems |
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Term
|
Definition
| bottom-dwelling organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| small plant organisms and animal organisms that float in aquatic ecosystems |
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Term
|
Definition
partially enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river where its fresh water, carrying fertile silt and runoff from the land, mixes with salty seawater
ex.
Chesapeake Bay
-the largest estuary in the U.S. |
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Term
|
Definition
| upper layer of a body of water through which sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem
ex.
elephants pushing over trees enabling grass and plants to grow |
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Term
|
Definition
| existence of a greater number of species and a higher population density in a transition zone between two ecosystems than in either adjacent ecosystem |
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Term
|
Definition
species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded
ex.
birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| growth in which some quantity increases by a fixed % of the whole in a given time period; shaped like a letter J |
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Term
|
Definition
| pattern in which exponential population growth occurs when the population is small, and the population growth decreases steadily with time as the population approaches the carrying capacity; S shaped curve |
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Term
minimum viable population
(MVP) |
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Definition
| estimate of the smallest number of individuals necessary to ensure the survival of a population in a region for a specified time period |
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Term
|
Definition
| maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| species that reproduce early in their life span and produce large numbers of usually small and short-lived offspring in a short period of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| species that produce a few, often fairly large offspring but invest a great deal of time and energy to ensure that most of those offspring reach reproductive age |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| solid outer zone of the earth |
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Term
|
Definition
| zone of the earth's interior between its core and its crust |
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Term
|
Definition
| downward movement of water through soil |
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Term
|
Definition
| process in which various chemicals in upper layers of soil are dissolved and carried to lower layers and in some cases to groundwater |
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Term
|
Definition
| conversion of rangeland, rainfed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desertlike land |
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Term
|
Definition
| probability that something undesirable will result from deliberate or accidental exposure to a hazard |
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Term
|
Definition
| mathematical statement about how likely it is that something will happen |
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Term
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Definition
| meaure of how harmful a substance is |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of a toxic material per unit of body weight of test animals that kills half the test population in a certain time |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that is fatal to humans in low doses or fatal to more than 50% of test animals at stated concentrations |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that can cause harm because it 1) is flammable or explosive, 2) can irritate or damage the skin or lungs, 3) unstable and can explode or release toxic fumes and 4) has harmful concentrations of one of more toxic materials that can leach out |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical or form of radiation that causes inheritable changes in the DNA molecules in the genes found in chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical, ionizing agent, or virus that causes birth defects |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals, ionizing radiation, and viruses that cause or promote the development of cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
| annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year |
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Term
|
Definition
| annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year |
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Term
|
Definition
| state in which the brith rate equals the death rate so the population of a geographic area is no longer increasing |
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Term
|
Definition
| consuming insufficient food to meet one's minimum daily energy needs for a long enough time to cause harmful effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients needed for good health |
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Term
|
Definition
| growing and harvesting of fish and shellfish for human use in freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, and lakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers, soil conservation, water conservation,biological pest control, and minimal use of nonrenewable fossil fuel energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock that can yield an econimically significant amount of water |
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Term
|
Definition
| water that sinks into the soil and is stored in slowly flowing and slowly renewed undergound reserviors called aquifers |
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Term
|
Definition
| purification of salt water of brackish water by removal of dissovled salts |
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Term
|
Definition
| flat valley floor next to a stream channel |
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Term
|
Definition
| direct radiant energy from the sun and a number of indirect forms of energy produced by the direct input |
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Term
|
Definition
| wind turbines in a windy area that capture wind energy and convert it into electrical energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrical power produced by falling or flowing water |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic matter produced by plants and other producers |
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Term
|
Definition
| heat transferred from the earth's underground concentrations of 1) dry steam 2) wet steam or 3) hot water trapped in fractured porous rock |
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Term
|
Definition
| systems of small-scale decentralized units that generate 1-10,000 kilowatts of electricity |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations in the air to 1) harm humans or 2) alter the climate |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical that has been added directly to the air by natural events or human activities and occurs in a harmful concentration |
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Term
|
Definition
| harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with normal air components or other air pollutants |
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Term
|
Definition
| layer of dense, cool air trapped under a layer of less dense, warm air |
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Term
|
Definition
| the falling of acids and acid forming compounds from the atmosphere to the earth's surface |
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Term
integrated pest management
(IPM) |
|
Definition
| combined use of biological, chemical, and cultivation methods in proper sequence and timing to keep the size of a pest population below the size that causes economically unacceptable loss of a crop or livestock animal |
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Term
|
Definition
| virgin and old, second growth forests containing trees that are often hundreds years old |
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Term
|
Definition
| stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession |
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Term
|
Definition
| site planted with one or only a few tree species in an even-aged stand |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing and shelter |
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Term
|
Definition
| fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, sex, national origin, or income |
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Term
| 3 human cultural changes that have occurred in the U.S. |
|
Definition
1) agricultural revolution
2) industrail revolution
3) information and globalization revolution |
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Term
| Leopold's concept of land ethics |
|
Definition
| a philosophy in which humans as a part of nature have an ethical responsibility to preserve wild nature |
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Term
|
Definition
| an american writer and naturalist who kept journals about his excursions in the wild and a harmonious coexistence with nature |
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Term
|
Definition
| geologist, explorer, naturalist, helped establish yosemite national park and founded the sierra club |
|
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Term
|
Definition
increasing public awareness and the threat of pollution
(DDT) |
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Term
| steps of the scientific method |
|
Definition
observation
question
hypothesis
test the hypothesis
experiment
results
conclusion
new hypothesis
experiment
results
conclusion |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| energy which is stored and potentially available for use |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of components that 1) function and interact in some regular matter 2) can be isolated for the purposes of observation and study |
|
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Term
|
Definition
inputs
flows/throughputs
stores/storage areas
outputs |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat by the movement of heated material |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat by collisions of atoms or molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of heat by wave motion |
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Term
| list the spherical layers of the earth |
|
Definition
atmosphere
-troposphere(inner layer)
-stratosphere(outer layer)
hydrosphere
lithosphere
biosphere |
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Term
| living components of an ecosystem |
|
Definition
producers(autotrophs)
consumers(heterotrophs) |
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Term
| name the types of biodiversity |
|
Definition
genetic-genetic makeup
species-variety of the species
ecological-variety of forests, etc
functional-processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
herbivores-plant eaters
(primary consumers)
carnivores-meat eaters
(secondary consumers)
omnivores
scavengers
detritivores-feed on dead org.
detritus feeders-earth worms
decomposers-bacteria |
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|
Term
| factors that influence climate |
|
Definition
| temperature and precipitation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
desert
tundra
grasslands
tropical rain forest
mountains
temperate deciduous forest |
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|
Term
| 2 types of aquatic life zones |
|
Definition
saltwater(marine)
freshwater |
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Term
|
Definition
euphotic -lighted upper zone
bathyl- dimly lit middle zone
abyssal- dark lower zone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
littoral-shallow sunlit waters
limnetic-open sunlit water surface layer
profundal-deep, open water (too dark for photo.)
benthic-bottom of the lake |
|
|
Term
| reasons for coral reefs endangerment |
|
Definition
ocean warming
soil erosion
bleaching
rising sea levels
|
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Term
|
Definition
river mouths
inlets
bays
sounds |
|
|
Term
| how ecologists describe ecosystems |
|
Definition
physical appearance
species diversity
species abundance
niche structure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
species that normally lives and thrives in a certain environment
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Term
|
Definition
deliberately or accidentily introduced into an ecosystem
ex.
wild african bees |
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Term
|
Definition
| one species may limit another's access to some resource |
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Term
|
Definition
| species have equal access to a specific resource but differ in how fast they exploit it |
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Term
|
Definition
| a relationship in which species live together |
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Term
|
Definition
| one species feeds on part of another organism by living on or in the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| two species involved in a way that benefits both |
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Term
|
Definition
| one species benefits and the other is not helped or harmed |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gradual establishment of biotic communities on nearly lifeless ground |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reestablishment of biotic communities in an area where some type of biotic community is already present |
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|
Term
| how do populations change |
|
Definition
size
density
dispersion
age distribution |
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|
Term
| limiting factors of a population |
|
Definition
births
deaths
immigration
emigration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
igneous-molten hardens
sedimentary-preexisting rocks are eroded
metamorphic-preexisting rock is melted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pedalfers-temperate regions
pedocals-dry climates
laterite-hot,wet tropical areas |
|
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Term
|
Definition
clay
silt
sand
gravel
loam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sheet erosion
rill erosion-small channels
gully erosion |
|
|
Term
| the major types of hazards |
|
Definition
cultural-unsafe working conditions
chemical
physical
biological-pathogens |
|
|
Term
| two types of fertility rates |
|
Definition
replacement level fertility
-number of children a couple must have to replace themselves
total fertility rate (TFR)
-estimate of the average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect birth rates |
|
Definition
importance of children in the labor force
urbanization
cost or rasing and education
opportunities for women
infant mortality rate
average age at marriage |
|
|
Term
| what 3 systems provide the U.S. with food |
|
Definition
croplands
rangelands
oceanic fisheries |
|
|
Term
major types of food production
|
|
Definition
industrailized agriculture
-fertlizers, etc
plantation agriculture
-growing cash crops
traditional agriculture
|
|
|
Term
| traditional subsistence agriculture |
|
Definition
| using human labor and animals to produce enough food for family's survival |
|
|
Term
| traditional intensize agriculture |
|
Definition
| farms use human labor and animals to produce enough for their family and income |
|
|
Term
| environmental effects of producing food |
|
Definition
harmful to the
air
soil
water
and biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| name the properties of water |
|
Definition
-strong forces of attracting
-water exists as a liquid
-changes temp. slowly
-can dissolve a variety of compounds
etc.
|
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|
Term
| what causes water shortages |
|
Definition
dry climate
drought
desiccation |
|
|
Term
| the major irrigation systems |
|
Definition
*center-pivot low-pressure sprinklers
*low-energy precision application
*time controlled systems
*drip irrigation systems
|
|
|
Term
| how we extract mineral resources |
|
Definition
open-pit mining
*digs holes & removes ores
dedging
*chain buckets drap & scrape up
area strip mining
*where terrain is usually flat
contour strip mining
*hilly terrain
mounatintop removal
|
|
|
Term
| effects of extracting mineral resources |
|
Definition
disruption of the land surface
collapse of land
erosion
acid mine drainage |
|
|
Term
| explain the purpose of the ozone and why ozone depletion occurrs |
|
Definition
| the ozone keeps 95% of the sun's harful UV radiation from hitting the earth's surface. air pollution and pollutants are depleting the ozone. |
|
|
Term
| 6 criteria for air pollutants |
|
Definition
1. dust
2. sulfer oxides
3. carbon & nitrogen oxides
4. hydrocarbons and pollen
5. methan and hydrogen sulfide
6. salt particulates from the sea |
|
|
Term
| photochemical smog/brown air smog |
|
Definition
| a mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight |
|
|
Term
| industrial smog/gray air smog |
|
Definition
consisting mostly of
1) sulfur dioxide, 2) suspended droplets of sulfuric acid
3) a variety of solid particles |
|
|
Term
| list 4 indoor pollutants and their effects |
|
Definition
radon 222-lung cancer
tobacco smoke-lung cancer, heart diseases
asbestos-lung diseases & cancer
formaldehyde-irritation of eyes, throat, skin, lungs, dizziness |
|
|
Term
| respiratory diseases related to air pollution |
|
Definition
lung cancer
asthma
chronic bronchitis
emphysema |
|
|
Term
| list 8 different water pollutants |
|
Definition
| bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms, organic waste, sewage, acids, oil |
|
|
Term
| 5 harmful effects of pesticides |
|
Definition
*don't stay put
*harm wildlife
*threathen human health
*kill nontarget species
*accelerate genetic resistance to pesticides |
|
|
Term
| 5 good things about pesticides |
|
Definition
-save human lives
-increase food supply and lower cost
-increase farmers' profits
-work faster
-newer pesticides are safer |
|
|
Term
| 3 methods of waste reduction |
|
Definition
*consume less
*redesign products to use less material and energy
*develop products that are easy to repair, reuse, recycle, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| through taxes on raw materials, this law has provided a trust fund for 1) identifying abandoned hazardours waste dump sites 2) protecting groundwater 3) cleaning up the sites 4) requiring parties to pay for cleanup |
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Term
| 8 characteristics that make species prone to extinction |
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Definition
low reproductive rate
specialized niche
narrow distribution
feeds at high trophic level
rare
commercially valuable
large territories |
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Term
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Definition
| Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species |
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Term
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Definition
| prohibits transporting dead or live wild animals or their parts across state borders without a permit |
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Term
| 3 reasons pro clear-cutting |
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Definition
1) increases timber yield per hectare
2) permits reforesting with improved stocks of fast growing trees
3) takes less skill and time |
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Term
| 5 ways to reduce beach erosion |
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Definition
by limiting :
1)the construction of seawalls
2) movement of inlets
the government:
3) enacting much tougher building codes
4) banning coastal and inlet destruction
5) requiring endangered structures to be elevated |
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Term
| what nonnative species invaded the great lakes and spread into canada and the U.S. |
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Definition
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Term
| the national wild and scenic rivers act |
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Definition
| protects rivers and river segments with outstanding scenic, recreational, geological, wildlife, historical, or cultural values |
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Term
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Definition
some environmentally harmful businesses will decline
ex.
coal mining
oil production
nuclear power |
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Term
eco-friendly business
3 ex. |
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Definition
more environmentally stable businesses
ex.
solar cell production
hydrogen production
fuel-cell production |
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Term
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Definition
1) premature deaths
2) increases birth rates so elderly have someone to take care of them
3) pushes poor people to to use renewable resources unsustainably to survive |
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