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| systematic approach for seeking & organizing knowledge about the natural world |
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| 3 types of scientific investigations |
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description
prediction
control |
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| collection of facts about observed events that can be QUANTIFIED, CLASSIFED, and EXAMINED for possible relations with other known facts |
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| often suggests hypothesis or questions for additional research |
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| demonstrates correlation between events |
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| highest level of scientific understanding |
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determinism
empiricism
experimentation
replication
parsimony
philosophic doubt |
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| assumption upon which science is predicted |
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| all events have causes and are caused |
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| events DO/DO NOT occur at will according to determinism |
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| knowledge comes from what we can directly observe |
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| what all scientific knowledge is built on |
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| practice of observation of phenomena of interest |
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| basic strategy in most sciences |
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| controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (DV) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (IV) differs from one condition to another |
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| method for which mistakes are discovered |
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| give it simplest explanation first |
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| the idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out before more complex/abstract explanations are considered |
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| the continuous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge |
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| four domains of behavior analytic science |
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behaviorism
EAB
ABA
professional practice |
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| BA Science that deals with theoretical & philosophical issues |
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| conceptual basis of behavioral principles as it relates across many spectrums |
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| experiments in this field are aimed and discovering and clarifying functional relations between socially significant behavior & its controlling variables |
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| their desire is to contribute to further development of a humane & effective technology of behavior change |
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| provide behavior analytic services to consumers |
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| use basic research such as experiments in laboratory settings with both human & nonhuman subjects |
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| goal is to discover & clarify fundamental principles of behavior |
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| anything an organism does that has an impact on the environment |
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observable*
except for private events |
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| includes private events in their analysis of behavior - thoughts, emotions |
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| a predictable change in behavior (DV) that can be reliably reproduced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the person's environment (IV) |
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mechanistic
functional contexualist |
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| root metaphor for mechanism view |
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| root metaphor for functional contexualism |
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| experimentally determining the effects of environmental manipulation on behavior and demonstrating that those effects can be reliably produced |
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| experimental control can be achieved when: |
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| a reliable functional relation between behavior and some specified aspect of the environment has been demonstrated convincingly |
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| the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of unknown variables |
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| studies without high degree of internal validity lack |
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| variables suspected to exert an uncontrolled influence on the DV |
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| behavior is a(n) ______ phenomenon |
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| assumptions about behavior |
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is determined
bx variability is extrinsic to the organism |
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| experimental strategy of EAB is based on _____ methods of analysis |
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within-subject
single-subject |
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| behavior is dynamic and continuous because |
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| behavior requires ___ measurement over time |
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| behavioral variability is ______ to the organism |
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| variability is the result of |
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| behavioral variability is the result of an environmental influence |
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| form - physical characteristics |
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| 2 main benefits to clearly defining a behavior |
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-produces clearer communication with others about problem
-allows for consistent observations of the behavior, because everyone agrees on what the behavior of interest is |
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| Characteristics of good definitions |
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objective - only observable
clear - readable, unambiguous
complete - delineate boundaries of definition |
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| problems with self-report |
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lack detail
hard to check
often are wrong |
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| effects of assessment on behavior being assessed |
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unobtrusive methods
repeat observations
take effects into account |
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outcome recording
event recording
interval recording
time sample recording |
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| record a response when you see the result of a behavior |
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| when you check for result after behavior occurs |
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| record a response when you see an instance of the behavior |
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| observed behavior is relatively uniform in length |
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| method of recording that is nonuniform (each instance may vary in length) |
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| for ___ recording, you record a behavior if the response occurs during a series of continuous time intervals |
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| a type of interval recording |
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| behavior analysts use time sample recording when |
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| they can't continually record one behavior |
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| difference between time sample & interval |
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| time sample = discontinuous |
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| a measure of the accuracy of your observations |
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| what is used when you can compare each observation made by two observers |
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| what is used when you can compare only the total observations |
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| most researchers try to achieve a reliability of __% |
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| a reliability of __% is acceptable |
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| correlation of ratings by outside judges & observations by trained observers |
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| medium with which the behavior analyst works |
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| empirical basis for decision making |
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| primary purpose of graphs |
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| primary functional communication |
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| fundamental properties of behavior change |
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| are the conditions separate?l |
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| do lines mover toward the values presented in the next condition? |
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| if the IV were not applied, the bx would not change |
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| affirmation of the consequent |
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| terminate/withdraw the treatment variable |
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| advantages of reversal design |
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clear demonstration of functional relationship
quantifies amount of behavior change |
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| disadvantages of reversal design |
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irreversibility
social, ethical, educational concerns |
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does not require withdrawal
ideal for multiple behavior changes sought by many practitioners |
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| disadvantages of MB design |
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does not demonstrate experimental control
provides more info about effectiveness of treatment variable than function of target behavior
can require treatment being withheld for some behaviors/sett/sub for a long time
required time and resource |
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