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E.M.T. Registry Study Giude
EMT Study Guide for National Registry
58
Health Care
Undergraduate 1
01/15/2012

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Symptoms of CHF
Definition

Appearance: cyanotic, ashen, abdominal distension, jugular vein distension, tachycardic, inability to lie flat, dependant edema

LOC: Confusion or normal

Lung Condition: Wet with Rhonnchi, wheezing, or rales

Cough: Wet with possible fluid expulsion, pink, frothy sputum

Term
Symptoms of Emphysema
Definition

Appearance: thin with barrel chest, tripod position, pink skin, puffing type of breathing, normal BP

LOC: normal or altered

Skin: pink, normal, dry

Lung Condition: dry, little or no cough, wheezing

Term
Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis
Definition

Appearnace: May be obese, use of accesory muscles, difficulty with expiration, often cyanotic, jugular vein distention if CHF is present, normal to high BP

LOC: normal or altered

Skin: cyanotic,

Lung condition: wet if CHF is present, rhonchi, wheezing, or rales, frequent cough with excessive mucus

Term
Wheezing: Diseases, signs and Symptoms
Definition

Diseases: Asthma, COPD, CHF, pulmonary edema, Pneumonia, Bronchitis, Anaphylaxis

 

Signs/Symptoms: Dyspnea, productive/nonproductive cough, dependant edema, pink, frothy sputum, fever, pleuritic chest pain, Clear/white sputum, hives and stridor, non productive cough

Term
Rhonchi: Disease and Signs/Symptoms
Definition

Diseases: COPD, Pneumonia, Bronchitis

 

Signs/Symptoms: Productive cough, fever, plearitic chest pain, clear/white sputum

Term
Rales: (Crackles) Diseases, Signs/Symptoms
Definition

Diseases: CHF, Pulmonary edema, Pneumonia

 

Signs/Symptoms: Dependant edema, pink, frothy sputum, fever, pleuritic chest pain

Term
Stridor: Diseases, Signs/Symptoms
Definition

Diseases: Croup, epiglottitis

 

Signs/Symptoms: Fever, barking cough, fever,sore throat, drooling.

Term
Decreased or absent breath sounds
Definition

Disease:Asthma, COPD, Pneumonia, Hemothorax:Shock, respiratory distress, Pneumothorax: Fever, Pleuritic Chest pain, Atelectasis: Fever, decreased O2 saturation

 

Signs/Symptoms:Nonproductive cough, dyspnea, Productive cough, Fever, pleuritic chest pain, blood in chest, Air in chest, Collapsed lung

Term
COPD
Definition

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: lung disease characterized by shortness of breath and wheezing.

 

Overview: breathing progressively gets worse over time, usually caused by smoking for long periods of time, shortness of breath after exertion, chronic coughing, producing thick sputum, Pt. is usually thin with a barrel chest. No jugular vein distention or edema.

Tx:Home oxygen, bronchodilaters, and steroids

 

 

 

Term
CHF
Definition

Congestive Heart Failure: A disease of the heart characterized by shortness of breath, edema, and weakness

 

Overview: Sudden onset of shortness of breath that is constant, pt may or may not smoke, coughing with pink, frothy sputum, there will be jugular vein distention and dependant edema and abdomen may also be distended

Term
Bronchitis
Definition
  • An acute or chronic inflammation of the air passages often due to infection often associated with productive cough
  • Accumulation of fluid and swelling restricts air flow. Often associated with rhonchi, may lead to pneumonia in which case, rales will be heard.
  • pt. may experience tachypnea even though breathing pattern does not indicate major airway obstruction
Term
Common cold
Definition
  • A viral infection associated with swollen nasal mucous membranes and production of fluid
  • Dyspnea is not severe
Term
Tuberculosis (TB)
Definition
  • Disease that can lay dormant for decades and then reactivate
  • Many strains are resistant to antibiotics
  • Spread by cough and droplets
  • Always use HEPA mask when treating a pt. with TB
Term
Diptheria
Definition
  • Highly contageous though rare, due to vaccines
  • Causes the formation of a diptheritic membrane lining the pharynx that is composed of debris, inflammatory cells, and mucus. Can rapidly severly obstruct the passage of air into the larynx
Term
Pneumonia
Definition
  • An acute bacterial or viral infection of the lung that damages tissue, uaually accompanied by fever, cough, and mucus
  • Fluid can also accumulate in normal lung tissues separating the alveoli from their capillaries and impeding lungs ability to exchange O2 and Co2
  • Pt. may experience tachypnea as body compensates for decrease in lung tissue
Term
Croup
Definition
  • Inflammation and swelling of the whole airway, usually in children 6 mo-3 yrs. Rare in adults due to larger airway.
  • Causes stridor and seal bark cough, narrowing of airway may cause airway obstruction
  • Responds well to humidified oxygen.
Term
Epiglottitis
Definition
  • Most comonly seen in preschool age children
  • bacteria causes epiglottis to swell, blocking airway, causing stridor, and severe sore throat
  • Less common today than it was 20 years ago.
Term
RSV: Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Definition
  • Major cause of illness in young children. Caused by infection of the lungs and breathing passages. Can lead to other serious conditions of heart, lungs.
  • highly contageous, spread through droplets and can survive on surfaces such as clothing and hands.
  • Look for signs of dehydration. humidified O2 is helpful.
Term
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Definition
  • Airborne bacterial infection common in children younger than 6 years.
  • Pt. will be feverish with "whoop" sound when coughing.
  • Highly contageous through droplet.
  • Children may turn red or purple when coughing spells last long enough
  • Can cause pneumonia or other serious illness if contracted by an adult
Term
SARS :Severe Acure Respiratory Syndrome
Definition
  • Potentially life threatening condition caused by recently discovered family of viruses best known as second most common cause of common cold.
  • Usually starts with fluelike symptoms, progressing to pneumonia, respiratory failure, or death.
  • transmitted through close person to person contact
Term
Influenza type "A"
Definition
  • virus that has crossed animal/human barrier and infected humans.
  • Flue has potential to spread at pandemic level
Term
Meningococcal Meningitis
Definition
  • Inflammation of meningeal coverings of brain and spinal cord. Highly contageous.Spread through coughing/sneezing.
  • Can be lethal. Survivors can suffer brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities.
  • May present with fluelike symptoms, but uniques symptoms are: high fever, severe headache, light sensitivity, and a stiff neck (in adults). May have altered LOC and have red blotches on skin
  • use respiratory protectiona dnreport any potential cases
Term
CHF: Definition
Definition
A disorder in which the heart loses part of its ability to effectively pump blood, usually as a result of damage to the heart muscle and usually results in a backup of fluid in the lungs
Term
Disecting aneurysm
Definition
A condition in which the inner layers of an artery, such as the aorta, become separated, allowing blood to flow between the layers
Term
Ventrical fibrillation (V-Fib)
Definition
Disorganized, ineffective twitching of the ventricles resulting in no blood flow and a state of cardiac arrest
Term
Ventrical tachycardia (V-Tach)
Definition
Rapid heart rhythm in which the electrical impulse begins in the ventricles, which may result in anadequate blood flow and eventually deteriorate into cardiac arrest
Term
Cardiac Output
Definition

A measure of the the volume of blood that is passed through the heart in 1 minute.

 

Heart rate x volume (Stroke volume)

Term
Coronary Arteries
Definition
Blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscles, Start at first part of aorta, just above the aortic valve. R coronary artery supplies blood to the R Ventricle and bottom part of L ventricle. L coronary artery bifurcates and both branches supply blood to L ventricle.
Term
Carotid arteries
Definition
Located on each side of the neck and supply bloood to the head and brain
Term
Subclavian arteries
Definition
Located under clavicles. Supply blood to the upper extremities. As arteries enter the arms, they become the brachial arteries and in the lower arm, divides into the radial and ulnar arteries.
Term
Descending aorta
Definition
supplies blood to the lower extremities. At umbilicus level, aorta bifurcates into R & L iliac arteries which supply blood to legs. At groin, they become R & L femoral arteries, and at knee level splits into Anterior and posterior tibial arteries and peroneal artery supplying blood to the feet
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Smallest form of arteries, about one cell thick. connected to arterioles on one side and venules on the other.Allow for the exchange of nutrients and wast at cellular level.
Term
AMI (Acute Myocardial Infarction)
Definition

Onset of pain: Gradual with additional symptoms

Quality of pain: Tightness or pressure

Severity of pain: Increases with time

Timing of pain: May wax and wane

Region/radiation: Substernal; back is rarely involved

Clinical Signs: peripheral pulses equal

 

Term
Dissecting Aneurysm
Definition

Onset of pain: Abrupt, without additional symptoms

Quality of pain: Sharp or stabbing

Severity of pain: Maximal from the outset

Timing of pain: Does not abate once it has started

Region/ Radiation: Back possibly involved, between the shoulder blades

Clinical signs: BP descrepancy between arms or decrease in a femoral or carotid pulse.

Term
OPQRST
Definition

O-Onset

P- provocation

Q- quality

R- Region/radiation

S-severity

T-timing

Term
The Perfusion Triangle
Definition

perfusion: the circulation of blood within and organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cell's current need for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal

In order for perfusion to be effective, three things need to be functioning:

  • The Pump (Heart)
  • The Container (Blood vesssels)
  • and there needs to be adequate contents in the container (Blood)

if part or all of the triange aren't working, you get shock

Term
Pulmonary Circulation
Definition
  • Deoxygenated blood enters R atrium through the Inferior and Superior Vena Cava.
  • Blood then travelsl through AV node (tricuspid valve) to the R ventricle
  • As ventricles contract, blood is forced throught the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery
  • Blood passes into lungs where it exchanges waste for oxygen

 

Term
Systemic Circulation
Definition
  • Blood returns to the heart after oxygenation via the pulmonary veins into the L Atrium
  • Blood then enters into L ventricle throught the AV valve (Bicuspid valve)
  • As ventricles contract, blood is forced up into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve. Aorts eventally becomes capilaries where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. 
Term
Causes of shock
Definition

Pump Failure

Cardiogenic shock

obstructive shock

Poor Vessel function

Distributive shock

Septic shock

neurogenic shock

Anaphalactic shock

Physiogenic shock

Low Fluid Volume

Hypovolemic shock

Hemorrhagic shock

Nonhemorrhagic shock

Term
Stages of Shock
Definition

Compensated shock: the early stage of shock, in which the body can still compensate for blood loss.

Decompensated Shock: Late stage of shock when BP is falling.

Irreversible shock: Final stage of shock, resulting in death.

Term
cardiac tamponade
Definition
A collection of fluid  between the pericardial sac and the myocardium
Term
Afterload
Definition
The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
Term
Preload
Definition
The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds up.
Term
signs/symptoms of cardiogenic shock
Definition
  • Chest pain
  • Weak/Irregular pulse
  • Low BP
  • cyanosis
  • cool, clammy skin
  • Anxiety
  • Rales
  • Pulmonary edema
Term
Signs/symptoms of obstructive shock
Definition

Dependant on cause:

Dyspnea  Rapid, weak pulse  Rapid shallow breaths,  Decreased lung compliance,  Unilateral decreased or absent breath sounds,  Decreased BP,  Jugular vein distention, subcutaneous emphysema,  cyanosis,  trachial deviation toward affected side,  Beck's triade: jugular vein distention, narrowing pulse pressure, muffled heart tones.

 

Term
Signs/symptoms of septic shock
Definition
  • Warm skin
  • Tachycardia
  • Low BP
Term
Signs/symptoms of neurogenic shock
Definition
  • Bradycardia
  • Low BP
  • Signs of neck injury
Term
Signs/symptoms of anaphylactic shock
Definition

Can develope within seconds.

  • mild itching or rash
  • burning skin
  • vascualr dilation
  • generalized edema
  • coma
  • rapid death
Term
signs/symptoms of psychogenic shock
Definition
  • Rapid pulse
  • Normal or low BP
Term
signs/symptoms of hypovolemic shock
Definition
  • Rapid, weak pulse
  • Low BP
  • changes in mental status (AMS)
  • cyanosis
  • cool, clammy skin
  • increased respiratory rate
Term
signs/symptoms of respiratory insufficiency
Definition
  • rapid, weak pulse
  • low BP
  • changes in mental status
  • cyanosis
  • cool, clammy skin
  • increased respiratory rate
Term
compensated shock symptoms
Definition
  • Agitation
  • anxiety
  • restlesness
  • feeling of impending doom
  • AMS
  • weak, rapid, thready pulse
  • clammy (pale, cool, moist) skin
  • pallor, with cyanosis around the lips
  • shallow rapid breathing
  • air hunger
  • nausea or vomiting
  • capillary refill of longer than 2 seconds in infants in children
  • marked thirst
Term
P.A.S.T.E
Definition

P-progression

A-associated chest pain

S-sputum

T- talking tiredness

E-exercise tolerance

Term
Cerebellum
Definition
 Controls muscle and body movement
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
front part controls emotion and thought middle part controls toucha dn movement back part controls sight
Term
dysarthuria
Definition
slurred speech
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition

Food intake: Insufficient

Insulin dosage: Excessive

Onset: Rapid, within minutes

Skin: Pale, cool, and moist

Infection: Uncommon

Hunger: Absent

Thirst: Intense

Vomiting: Uncommon

Breathing: Normal, or rapid

Odor of breath: Normal

Blood Pressure: Normal to low

Pulse: Rapid, weak

Consciousness: Irritability, confusion, seizure, or coma; unsteady gait

Response: Immediately after administration of glucose

 

Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition

Food intake: Excessive

Insulin dosage: Insufficient

Onset: Gradual (hours to days)

Skin: warm and dry

Infection: Common

Thirst: intense

Hunger: Absent

Vomiting: Common

Breathing: Rapid, deep (Kussmaul respirations)

Odor of breath: Sweet , fruity

Blood Pressure: Normal to low

Pulse: Rapid, weak, and thready

Consciousness: Restless, possibly progressing to coma; abnormal or slurred speech; unsteady gait

Response: Gradual, within 6 to 12 hours following medical treatment

 

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