Term
| Where is cholesterol primarily made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is cholesterol needed? |
|
Definition
cell membrane formation, hormone synthesis, and fat soluble vitamin production
|
|
|
Term
| Excess cholesterol leads to? |
|
Definition
build-up of plaque (atheroschlerosis) in the arteries. Can result in conditions such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Risk for CHD is increased when the LDL is elevated |
|
|
Term
| Increased triglycerides can lead to? |
|
Definition
pancreatitis (acutely), along with an increased risk for heart disease
|
|
|
Term
| Having a low HDL can further increase the risk of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anginal Pain: d/t to reduced blood flow to the heart (narrow arteries d/t plaque formation)
MI: plaque ruptures can lead to this
PAD: peripheral artery disease d/t to plaque rupturing |
|
|
Term
| Primary cause of poor lipid profile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary causes of high lipid profile? |
|
Definition
High dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fat (saturated fat should be < 7% of total calories)
Low physical activity (exercise will increase HDL and decrease LDL)
Age and genetics (family history)
Disease: diabetes, hypothyroidism, liver disease, transplantation, renal disease
Drugs: Protease Inhibitors, anabolic & corticosteroids (prednisone &c), isotretinoin, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, beta blockers, thiazide diurtetics, pheyntoin, and some types of birth control pills |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ≥ 60 (want it to be high) |
|
|
Term
| Normal Triglyceride level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VERY high triglyceride level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desirable total cholesterol level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Statement. Not a question. |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors for CHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the categories of risk and LDL goals (just note the one for the CHD or CHD risk equivalents) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Very high risk favors LDL goal of < 70 mg/dL. What are very high risk factors? |
|
Definition
CVD and diabetes
CVD adn severe/poorly controlled risk factors (smoking)
CVD and metabolic syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What are CHD risk equivalents? |
|
Definition
Diabetes
Atherosclerotic Disease - peripheral artery disease
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Clinical CHD (Framingham calculated CHD 10 - year risk > 20%) |
|
|
Term
| How should properly prepare for a lipid panel? |
|
Definition
Pirot to getting a lipid panel, an 8 - 12 hour fast is required, or the results may be falsely elevated |
|
|
Term
You may need to calculate LDL if it is not given using the Friedewald equation. What is it? |
|
Definition
LDL = TC - HDL - (TG/5)
Cannot use this formula if the TGs are > 400 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| What is best to treat LDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is best to treat HDL? |
|
Definition
| Niacin (in RX strength); Fenofibrates |
|
|
Term
| What is best to treat triglycerides? |
|
Definition
Fenofibrate or Lovaza (omega - 3 fish oils)
TG too high then statin won't lower enough
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Statement. Not a question. |
|
|
Term
It is important to note many of the drug classes used for cholesterol management are potentially toxic to the _____? |
|
Definition
Liver (hepatotoxicity). Liver enzymes should be monitored and the drug stopped if AST or ALT become > 3 times the upper limit of normal |
|
|
