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Definition
| relationship between forces and winds |
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Definition
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| change of wind velocity per time increment |
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| comparing what goes into a system vs. what comes out |
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| Lagrangian Momentum Budget |
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Definition
| budget of momentum following a parcel of air |
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Definition
| budget of momentum at a fixed location in space (like weather station); can be used to formulate forecast equations for wind etc. |
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| winds of differing speeds at adifferent locations can themselves be blown by the wind into a different location causing a local wind change or acceleration |
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| force acting along pressure gradient from high to low pressure |
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Definition
| apparent force on a parcel of air moving in a curved path involving the square of the velocity and the radius of curvature |
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| apparent force due to the rotaion of the earth proportional to the latitude and the wind speed |
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Definition
| air experiences drag from the ground in a direction opposite to wind direction and increases with wind speed. Only occurs in boundary layer. |
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Definition
| rate of upward transport of effects from the surface within the boundary layer, related to wind speed and drag coefficient in neutral stability, and buoyancy in an unstable atmosphere |
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| function of surface roughness (ranges from 2x10^-3 for smooth surface to sx10^-2 over a rough or forested surface |
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Definition
| effectivness of thermals in producing vertical heat transport |
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Definition
| The tendency of U and V wind components as a sum of all the forces acting on a parcel in the X and Y directions, respectively, including advection, PGF, coriolis, and turbulent drag |
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Definition
| an alternative to geometric coordinates that uses pressure as the vertical coordinate |
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Definition
| changes in only one direction (pressure only decreases with height) |
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Definition
| surface connecting points of equal pressure |
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Definition
| (in equations of motion) winds accelerate, changing forces that depend on wind speed, which in turn changes the acceleration |
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Definition
| no net force or acceleration, so time derivatives equal zero; winds are constant but not necessarily zero, only acceleration is zero |
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Definition
| wind due to steady state balance between PGF and Coriolis Force |
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Term
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Definition
wind due to steady-state three way balance between PGF, Coriolis force, and centrifugal force
super anticyclonic around highs
sub cyclonic around lows |
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Term
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Definition
| (Roc) ratio of geostrophic wind speed to coriolis parameter times radius of curvature; small values indicate flow is in geostrophic balance |
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Term
| Boundary layer wind (straigh isobars) |
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Definition
| steady state balance between PGF, coriolis force and turbulent drag force |
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Term
| boundary layer gradient wind |
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Definition
| winds for a steady state balance of forces between the PGF , coriolis, turbulent drag force, and centrifugal force |
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Term
| Damped inertial oscillation |
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Definition
| fluctuations of wind speed as winds accelerate toward the steady state BLG wind solution |
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Definition
| wind due to steady state two way balance between PGF and centrifugal force |
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Definition
| difference between components of actual and corresponding geostrophic component |
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Definition
| equations for mass budget based on assumption that air mass is neither created nor destroyed during normal atmospheric processes |
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Definition
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| Incompressible continuity eqation |
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Definition
| time dependent density term vanishes |
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Definition
| more air going out then coming into a volume (net outflow) |
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Definition
| more air coming in than going out of a volume of air (net inflow) |
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Term
| Boundary layer pumping, Eckmann pumping |
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Definition
| horizontal convergence at the surface due to friction causes air to flow out the top of the boundary layer ie upward vertical air motion |
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Definition
| lines that are everywhere parallel to the flow at an instant in time |
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Definition
| lines deposited in the flow during a time interval by continuous emission of a tracer from a fixed point, plume of smoke |
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Definition
| lines tracing the actual path followed by a parcel moving by the wind |
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Definition
| pressure within changed airflow around an obstacle |
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| pressure measured in air flow well away from an obstacle |
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| wind of constant depth (due to strong inversion) flowing through a gap speeds up. Decrease of dynamic pressure in the accelerated flow is called the venturi effect |
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| warm wind forced downslope after flowing over a mountain |
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Definition
| cold wind dynamically forced downslope according to Venturi effect after flowing over mountain |
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Definition
| wave or density current propagating upstream toward mountain range against a flow that becomes stationary as its speed exactly counterbalences the Bora flow in the lee of the mountain range , creating a turbulent standing wave |
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