Crust:

Mantle: Lower and Upper Layer

Core: Solid inner portion

Solid portions of crust and upper layer mantle make up litosphere

Asthensophere is under it

1. Earth core consist of hot iron and forms of nickel
2. Mantle consists of iron, magnesium, and calcium
3. Crust covers the mantle, lighter rock

1. When layers of sedimentary rock are pressed together by continental plate movements
2. Folds upwards are anticlines, downwards are synclines

 Alps and Himalayans

1. That the lithosphere, solid portion of mantle and earth crust) consists of Major and minor plates
2. These plates are on top of and move with the viscous upper mantel  because of the heating below

1. Magma rises to the surface cools and forms a ridge
1. Mid atlantic ridge

1. Lots of volcanic activity, can create volcanos.
2. How hawaii was made

1. Shield
1. Long term gentle eruption
2. Cinder Cone
1. Explosive Erruption
1. As lava cools creates a cone
3. Composite
1. A mixture of both

1. Dynamic Deformation
1. Take the form of P (Primary/Shear) or S(Secondary)
2. P Waves
1. Travel fastest
3. S waves
1. Shake perpedicularly or transverse to the direction of propagation

dip-slip: vertical movement along the fault long (wall above fault plane moves down)

strike-slip: horizontal movement across the plane

Oblique-Slip: Both vertical and horizontal

1. Precipitation
1. Condensed water vapor falls to earth
2. Canopy Interception
1. Lands on plants
3. Snow Melt
1. Runoff from melting snow
4. Infiltration
1. Water flows from surface into the ground
5. Subsurface flow
1. Water that flows underground
6. Evaporation
1. When water in a liquid state changes to a gas
7. Sublimation
1. When water in a solid state changes to water vapor
8. Advection
1. Movemnt of water through the atmosphere
9. Condensation
1. When water vapor changes to liquid water
10. Transpiration
1. When water vapor is released from plants into the air

1. Law of Superposition
2. Underground layers closer to the surface were deposited more recently

Eons - > Era -> Periods - > Epoch

We are in Cenozoic

1. Troposphere (Lowest)
2. Stratosphere
3. Mesosphere (Coldest)
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere (Highest)

1. Troposphere (Lowest)
1. weather occurs here
2. Stratosphere
1. ozone layer
3. Mesosphere (Coldest)
4. Thermosphere
5. Exosphere (Highest)

1. Start of Pannotia then ends with Pangaea
2. Leads to Permian Exctinction, 90% exctinction rate
3. First land plants, and fish ambian and reptile fossils

1. Age of Dinosaurs
2. Large sea levels pangea drifting apart