Term
|
Definition
| The downslope movement of rock, sediment, or soil under the influence of gravity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In regards to mass movements, pore waters can form connected phase, which reduces cohesion by overcoming forces that hold sediment together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pore waters may have elevated pressures, which tend to force sediment grains apart and weaken the material, influencing mass movements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass movements are triggered by the oversteepening of slopes beyond the angle of repose. Angle of repose is dependent upon grain size and moisture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any mobile mass that intrudes into preexisting strata. Usually vertically. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material behavior in which the material fractures at a critical stress, i.e. rocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material behavior in which there is a continuous shape change when material is stressed to a critical level, i.e. mixes of rock, mud, or ice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material that has little or no resistance to stress, changes shape rapidly, and flows, i.e. saturated materials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The downward sliding of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blocks of bedrock breaking loose and sliding downslope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The relatively rapid flow of soil and regolith containing a large amount of water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unconfined flow of saturated clay-rich soil. Most often occurs on a hillside in a humid area following heavy precipitation or snowmelt. |
|
|
Term
| Great Hawaiian Landslides |
|
Definition
| Caused when there is a sudden slip in a fault system along the coast of an island. This causes a large segment of the land on the coast to slide into the ocean. Also known as flank collapses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the slowest forms of mass wasting; the gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith. Low slopes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The gradual movement of water-saturated material. Triggered by freeze/thaw cycles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The slow accumulation of rock at the base of steep slopes from weathering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of a material to permit flow. specific retention / specific yield = measure of permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Subsurface zone with good porosity and good permeability; transmits water or other fluids. NOT underground rivers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Subsurface zone with low permeability that tends to impede the flow of water or other fluids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the earth between the land surface and the Phreatic Zone. Pore spaces are not completely filled with water. Two-fluid phases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The underground water zone below the water table which is a single liquid phase and permenantly saturated with groundwater (pore spaces completely filled). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Q = KA(head/length)
The rate of discharge (Q) across an area (A) is determined by the height difference (head), length of path (length), and hydraulic conductivity (K, function of permeability) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pressure from head (elevation change) creates pressure far away. Can be flowing or non-flowing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stalagmites (rise from the floor) and stalactites (hang from the ceiling or wall). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signs of subsurface caverns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water that completely fills the pore spaces in sediment and rock in the subsurface zone of saturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The upper limit of the zone of saturation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| About the water table where the soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slope of the water table (head/length) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permeability of the aquifer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occur whenever the water table intersects the land surface; a natural flow of groundwater results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Openings bored into the zone of saturation. They withdraw groundwater and create roughly conical depressions in the water table known as cones of depression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occur when water rises about the level at which it was initially encountered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An irregular terrain punctuated with many depressions, called sinkholes or sinks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The continuous interchange of water among the oceans, atmosphere, and continents. Powered by the sun. The atmosphere is the link between oceans and continents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water that flows over the land. Intially flows as broad, thin sheets across the ground (sheet flow); after a short distance, threads of current develop (channelization). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of water into rocks or soil through cracks/pore spaces. Dependent on many factors, such as intensity, soil texture, and slopes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1802. Streams flow through valleys that they have carved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maximum load of solid particles a stream can carry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The maximum particle size a stream can transport. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smooth flow lines of a stream (versus turbulent). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of water passing a given point per unit of time. Measured in cubic feet or cubic meters per second. Increases upstream. Amazon has the largest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The slope of a stream channel. Decreases downstream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sediments deposited by running water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alluvium deposited as channel deposits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alluvium deposited as flood plain deposits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alluvium deposied at the mouths of streams. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in mountainous areas, arid regions. Wider than the stream channel. No flood plain, rapid down-cutting. |
|
|
Term
| Wide valleys with flat floors |
|
Definition
| Found in low lands. Approach equilibrium, developed flood plain (flat floor). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sweeping bends, the way streams that flow upon flood plains move. Cause the formation of oxbow lakes (abandonded bends) or cutoffs (short channel segments). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The probability that a larger flood will occur is 1 in 100. (50 year flood - 1 in 50) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The probability that a larger flood will occur is 1 in 100. (50 year flood - 1 in 50) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lowest level at which erosion can occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Land area that contributes water to a stream. Separated by divides (imaginary lines). |
|
|
Term
| Headward/Headwall Erosion |
|
Definition
| Extends the head of the valley upslope. Lengthens a stream course. Leads to stream piracy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The diversion of drainage of one stream by another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A think mass of ice originating on land as a result of the compaction and recrystallizatin of snow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flat top but rough underneath. Km thick, ice shelves. Greenland and Antartica. Large Scale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May have volcanoes underneath. Iceland and Patagonia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tongues fed by larger masses. Found in mountain areas, follow valleys. Spread out to form piedmont glaciers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jagged ridges between glacial depressions. (horns - stick up) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scoop-shaped depressions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sinuous ridges deposited by streaml flows in tunnels beneath ice near terminus of glacier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streamlined asymmetrical hills composed of till. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steep-sided hills consisting of sand and gravel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any sediment of glacial origin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deposited directly from ice. Unsorted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Layers/ridges of till.
Lateral - formed along sides of valley
Medial - between two valley glaciers that have joined
End - mark former position of front of a glacier
Ground - undulating layers of till deposited as ice; front retreats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deposited by melt water. Well-sorted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| End moraine of an ice sheet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where snow accumulation and ice formation occur. Outer limits are defined by a snowline. Beyone snowline is zone of wastage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The balance (or lack of balance) between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss (ablation) at the lower end. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One way glaciers erode. By lifting pieces of bedrock out of place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One way glaciers erode. The grinding and scraping of a rock surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marginal and more humid variant of a desert. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Isolated continental interior, or in rain shadow. Western US, Central Asia, Altiplano. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Near tropics, extensive. Sahara, Arabia, Sonora. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where cool sea winds hit warm land. Air is warmed, rises, carries moisture. Peru, Chile, Nambia, W. Austrailia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Earth's rotation causes the deflection of flow paths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Areas of low pressure with rising air masses that lose water to rain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streams are dry most of the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small, round depressions in the ground. Dry lakebeds. Playa lakes are formed when rain fills this hole with water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When mountiain areas are reduced to a few large bedrock knobs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The skipping and bouncing of sand grains along a surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lifting and removal of loose materials, produces shallow depressions (blowouts). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surface layer of coarse pebbles and gravels that are too large to be moved by the wind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Narrow, streamlined wind-sculpted ridges. can be up to 90 meters high and 100s of km long. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extensive blankets of silt once carried by wind in suspension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mounds and ridges of sand, built by the transport of grains, climbing bed forms, or wedge cross stratification. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any element, compound, mineral or rock that can be extracted from the ground and is potential value as a commodity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume of rock that contains an enrichment of one or more minerals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of alluvium containing valuable minerals, formed by deposition of dense mineral phases in a trap site. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are the fossil fuels of our modern economy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed from large quantities of plant remains that accumulate in oxygen-deficient enviornments. 23% Most abundant fossil fuel. Raw material used for nylon, plastics.. Through coalification (pressure) peat is converted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consist of hydrocarbon compounds. 24% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation associated with the accumulation of sediments rich in plant and animal remains buried and isolated in oxygen-deficient envornments. 39% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone organic matter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rock in which oil and gas accumulates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oil and gas cannot move through it. Mudstone, claystone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves from source rock to trap. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses oil and gas into an accumulation. Oil traps need two things, a porous, permeable reservoir rock and a cap rock (impermeable rock layer).
Stratigraphic - sedimentary layer geometry
Structural - faults, enclosed basins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Petroleum accumulates in a structural closure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made of oil that is exceedingly viscous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fuels used as a subsititute when conventional petroleum resources are unavailable. $ - unattractive |
|
|
