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Drugs, Brains, and Behavior
Exam 4
90
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/07/2012

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Term
What is the most commonly used drug in medical practice?
Definition
CNS depressants
Term
CNS drugs do a variety of different things: (5)
Definition
1. depress CNS and behavior
2. reduce anxiety (anxiolytic)
3. reduce activity (sedative)
4. induce sleep (hypnotics)
5. loss of consciousness (Anesthetics)
Term
There is ______ for all CNS depressant drugs
Definition
cross-tolerance
Term
"Release" Phenomenon
Definition
produced by all CNS depressants, tied to behavior regulation. "Release" inhibitions
Term
types of depressants: (4)
Definition
Alcohol
Bromides
Chloral Hydrate
Barbituates
Term
Bromides
Definition
popular in the early 19th century, accumulate in body causing chronic intoxication, toxicity, and CNS damage
Term
Chloral Hydrate
Definition
poor taste and gives you bad breath
Term
Barbituates
Definition
isolated by Bayer in early 1900s, now over 2500 compounds
Term
seccobarbital
Definition
rapid onset & termination (used for sleep or recreation)
Term
phenobarbital
Definition
slow onset & metabolism (sedative)
Term
barbituates have a high abuse potential because
Definition
they were used heavily at the time for daytime sedation and nighttime sleep aid. as tolerance develops, safety margin shrinks
Term
Miltown
Definition
mebrobamate
popular non-barb sedative in 1950s
Term
Miltown was not actually safer than barbituates because although they did better than barbs at ______, they were ____ at _____, like barbs.
Definition
sedative doses
toxic
high doses (3x hypnotic)
Term
Benzodiazepines were the most commonly _____ drug in the _____
Definition
prescribed
1970s
Term
Benzodiazepines are used as
Definition
an anti-anxiety, sedative/hypnotic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant
Term
Quaaludes were a ____ drug whose danger was not recognized. It was an _____ drug in Europe and Japan in the late ____.
Definition
horrible, over the counter, 1950s
Term
FDA approved Quaalude use in US in ____, established schedule 2 in _____.
Definition
1965, 1973
Term
Benzodiazepam
Definition
slow onset, less rapid tolerance, can have toxic effects
Term
Zolpidem (_____) is heavily marketed as a ______ (agonist for BZP receptor), and has a low ____ potential
Definition
Ambien
non-benxo
abuse
Term
Five categories of Anxiety Disorders
Definition
Generalized Anxiety
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Post-traumatic Staress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Term
Anxiety is comorbid with ____ and ____ use/abuse
Definition
depression
alcohol
Term
The best available treatment for anxiety are _____ particularly becasue of the safety margin
Definition
benzodiazepines
Term
Side Effects of benzos
Definition
1. frequent accidental overdose
2. sleep disturbances (REM especially)
3. anxiety
4. confusion
5. hostility
6. decreased sexual function
7. fetal effects
Term
What receptor is involved in BZP action?
Definition
GABA(A)
Term
Barbituates directly open the _____ and prolong _____ influx
Definition
chlorine channel
chlorine
Term
Benzodiazepine enhances the action of ____ but doesn't directly open ______.
Definition
GABA
the chlorine channel
Term
Where are BZPs found in the brain?
Definition
frontal cortex
amygdala
Term
The amygdala coordinates: (4)
Definition
defense behaviors
SNS arousal responses
stress (via HPA axis)
emotional learning (fear conditioning)
Term
Stress response:
1. Hypothalamus releases ______
2. Travels to ______
3. _____ fires
4. ______ releases cortisol
5. Cortisol gives neg. feedback to ____
6. Response ends--no more stress
Definition
CRF
Pituitary gland
ACTH
Adrenal Gland
hypothalamus
Term
In an individual with anxiety or affective disorder, ____ remains chronically ____
Definition
cortisol
high
Term
There is an inter-relationship between ____, _____, and _____
Definition
stress, depression, anxiety
Term
There are ____ connections between the Locus Coerleus and Norepinephrine
Definition
reciprocal
Term
Locus Coerleus responds to ___, ____, ___, and ____
Definition
BZPs, SSRIs, MAO-Is, and CRF
Term
Benzodiazepines effect the LC (locus coelreus) cell which _____ GABA and decreases _____.
Definition
increases
cortisol
Term
When using animal models, a variety of ______ are modeled
Definition
critical features
Term
Animal Models for anxiety include (6)
Definition
1. light/dark and elevated plus mazes
2. Social interactions
3. Conflict Tests
4. Conditioned Fear
5. Behavioral Despair (forced swim)
6. Maternal Seperation
Term
Some argue that schizophrenia is a product of _______ (the modern world's), but this is untrue as cases date back through history
Definition
pressure & stress
Term
Schizophrenia affects about _____ of the population
Definition
1%
Term
Before the ____ there were no effective treatments for schizophrenia.
Definition
1950s
Term
Prior to 1955 the only treatments for schizophrenia were (3)
Definition
isolation
shock therapy
moral treatment
Term
Chlorpromazine was introduced in ____ and reduced hosptil populations by ___ despite the fact that schizophrenia dignoses were increasing
Definition
1955
2/3
Term
_______ is considered the most severe mental disorder
Definition
schizophrenia
Term
The first episode of schizophrenia usually happens _______ in ____ or _____
Definition
after a stressful event
adolescence
early adulthood
Term
Subcategories of schizophrenia based on symptoms points to complex etiology (5)
Definition
genetic
environmental
psychological
social
behavioral
Term
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
disordered thought/speech
disorganized behavior
delusions
hallucinations
Term
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
adnormal emotion
social and motor withdrawal
anhedonia
avolition
Term
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
hypervigilance
impaired working memory
Term
Neuropathology of schizophrenia
Definition
enlarged lateral ventricles
pyradimal neurons disorganized
hypofrontality (deceased activation of prefrontal cortex
Term
Early neural development of schizophrenia
Definition
early neural abnormalities, latent symptoms
flu during pregnancy (risk)
Term
Dopamine Hypothesis for Schizophrenia
Definition
overactive dopamine system--psychostimulants can cause psychosis in normal people, psychostiumlants worsen patients psychosis, antipsychotics are DA antagonists
Term
Problems with DA hypothesis for schizophrenia
Definition
no direct evidence of overactive DA system, antipsychotics don't always work
Term
Glutamate Theory of Schizophrenia
Definition
Example of how antagonizing DA receptors treat symptoms not cause: antipsychotics disinhibit glutamate release-->glutamate and dopamine interact
Term
Things that could be effected by schizophrenia/could effect schizophrenia
Definition
Dopamine
Glutamate
Hippocampus (pyramidal cells)
Prefrontal Cortex
Term
Law of thirds for schizophrenia
Definition
1/3 fine
1/3 medicine
1/3 hospitalized
Term
Antipsychotics ____ chances of avoiding serious relapse
Definition
double
Term
__ of those who recover from their first episode of schizophrenia and maintained neuroleptics avoid hospitalization for ___ years. ___ of placebo
Definition
55%
2
20%
Term
Typical antipsychotics are better for treating ____ symptoms
Definition
positive
Term
Typical antipsychotics have ___ side effects, ____ enough to ____ comliance
Definition
serious
serious
compliance
Term
Typical antipsychotics effect the ____, _____, and ____ pathways
Definition
mesolimbic
nigrastriatal
tuberhypophyseal
Term
Some side effects of antipsychotics
Definition
Parkinsons sypmtoms
tardive dyskinesia
Term
Atypical Antipsychotics
Definition
weaker DA2 antagonists, broader spectrum of NT systems, hoped to work better on negative symptoms
Term
Clozapine (atypical antipsychotic) side effects (4)
Definition
reduces seizure threshold
increases salivation
weight gain
serious blood abnormality in some (contance testing needed)
Term
Risperidone was used as a replacement for _____
Definition
clozapine
Term
Animal models for schizophrenia
Definition
Pre-pulse inhibition
Neonatal Hippocampal Lesions
Term
Pre-pulse inhibition
Definition
models attention deficits (inability to screen out irelevant stimuli)
Term
Neonatal Hippocampal Lesions
Definition
models early trauma and dev. delay in symptoms. manipulates hippocampus and PFC
Term
Early views of addiction focused on
Definition
physical dependence
tolerance
withdrawal
Term
Contemporary view of addiction
Definition
addication is a chronic, relapsing behavioral disorder
Term
Physical dependence as a model for addiction
Definition
emphasizes physical changes that lead to withdrawal, learning components triggers relapse
Term
Positive reinforcement as a model for addiction
Definition
emphasizes how users begin, craving increases over time but pleasure does not
Term
Opponent-Process as a model for addiction
Definition
distinguishes between drug "liking" and drug "wanting". process A triggered by drug, process B process triggered by emotion of process A
Term
Disease or Medical model for addiction
Definition
Feature loss of control as an end result, either an in born weakness or altered brain functions. must abstain.
Term
Comprehensive Factors as a model for addiction
Definition
specific effects (drug's effects on brain) along with non-specific effects (set & setting, risk & protection)
Term
Treatment for drug abuse cannot occur until (2)
Definition
the person recognizes the problem
the person is motivated to do something about it
Term
Common stages of treatment (5)
Definition
Denial
Recognition
Setting goals/Committing
Action
Maintenance
Term
Types of treatment (3)
Definition
"Cold Turkey"
Self Help (AA or NA)
Professional Help (Rehab)
Term
Medical Model for addiction treatment
Definition
detoxification
maintenance (substitution, antagonist, punishment)
Term
example of subtsitution therapy as treatment for addiction
Definition
methadone treatment for heroin
Term
example of antagonist therapy as treatment for addiction
Definition
thorazine treatment for cocaine
Term
example of punishment therapy as treatment for addiction
Definition
antabuse treatment for alcohol
Term
FDA approved maintenance drugs
Definition
disulfiram (antabuse, alcohol)
naltrexone (opiates)
acamprosate (GABA inhibition)
Term
Public Health Model for Addiction
Definition
Primary Prevention: stop initial use
Secondary Prevention: stop abuse habits
Tertiary Prevention: decrease use
Term
Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior (D.A.R.E)
Definition
An info. program that teaches someone the neg. aspects of drug use so they develop neg. attitudes about it and then won't ever start the behavior.
Term
Knowledge Attitudes Behavior does not actually work because
Definition
data from 1970s shows this models sparks curiosity and leads to experimentation, no evidence that abuse decreases
Term
Values Clarification (Just say no!)
Definition
helps to sway an individuals attitudes with ethical reasoning.
Term
Alternatives to Drugs (My AntiDrug)
Definition
provides examples of "natural highs" or activities you can do sober that are just as fun/more fun than getting high.
Term
Skilled development
Definition
give students the personal skills needed to resist drug use
Term
Affective Programs (3) and their effects
Definition
Values Clarification
Alternatives to Drugs
Skilled Development

no sufficient effects.
Term
DARE's Social Influence Model
Definition
refusal skills, role playing, public committment,and counter-conditioning for advertisments
Term
Normative Drug Education
Definition
teach children what the actual norms/facts are for drug use
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