Term
| What is the most commonly used drug in medical practice? |
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Definition
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Term
| CNS drugs do a variety of different things: (5) |
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Definition
1. depress CNS and behavior
2. reduce anxiety (anxiolytic)
3. reduce activity (sedative)
4. induce sleep (hypnotics)
5. loss of consciousness (Anesthetics) |
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Term
| There is ______ for all CNS depressant drugs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produced by all CNS depressants, tied to behavior regulation. "Release" inhibitions |
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Term
| types of depressants: (4) |
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Definition
Alcohol
Bromides
Chloral Hydrate
Barbituates |
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Term
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Definition
| popular in the early 19th century, accumulate in body causing chronic intoxication, toxicity, and CNS damage |
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Term
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Definition
| poor taste and gives you bad breath |
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Term
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Definition
| isolated by Bayer in early 1900s, now over 2500 compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid onset & termination (used for sleep or recreation) |
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Term
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Definition
| slow onset & metabolism (sedative) |
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Term
| barbituates have a high abuse potential because |
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Definition
| they were used heavily at the time for daytime sedation and nighttime sleep aid. as tolerance develops, safety margin shrinks |
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Term
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Definition
mebrobamate
popular non-barb sedative in 1950s |
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Term
| Miltown was not actually safer than barbituates because although they did better than barbs at ______, they were ____ at _____, like barbs. |
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Definition
sedative doses
toxic
high doses (3x hypnotic) |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines were the most commonly _____ drug in the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzodiazepines are used as |
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Definition
| an anti-anxiety, sedative/hypnotic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant |
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Term
| Quaaludes were a ____ drug whose danger was not recognized. It was an _____ drug in Europe and Japan in the late ____. |
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Definition
| horrible, over the counter, 1950s |
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Term
| FDA approved Quaalude use in US in ____, established schedule 2 in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| slow onset, less rapid tolerance, can have toxic effects |
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Term
| Zolpidem (_____) is heavily marketed as a ______ (agonist for BZP receptor), and has a low ____ potential |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Five categories of Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
Generalized Anxiety
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Post-traumatic Staress Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Term
| Anxiety is comorbid with ____ and ____ use/abuse |
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Definition
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Term
| The best available treatment for anxiety are _____ particularly becasue of the safety margin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. frequent accidental overdose
2. sleep disturbances (REM especially)
3. anxiety
4. confusion
5. hostility
6. decreased sexual function
7. fetal effects |
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Term
| What receptor is involved in BZP action? |
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Definition
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Term
| Barbituates directly open the _____ and prolong _____ influx |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzodiazepine enhances the action of ____ but doesn't directly open ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are BZPs found in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amygdala coordinates: (4) |
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Definition
defense behaviors
SNS arousal responses
stress (via HPA axis)
emotional learning (fear conditioning) |
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Term
Stress response:
1. Hypothalamus releases ______
2. Travels to ______
3. _____ fires
4. ______ releases cortisol
5. Cortisol gives neg. feedback to ____
6. Response ends--no more stress |
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Definition
CRF
Pituitary gland
ACTH
Adrenal Gland
hypothalamus |
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Term
| In an individual with anxiety or affective disorder, ____ remains chronically ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| There is an inter-relationship between ____, _____, and _____ |
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Definition
| stress, depression, anxiety |
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Term
| There are ____ connections between the Locus Coerleus and Norepinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| Locus Coerleus responds to ___, ____, ___, and ____ |
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Definition
| BZPs, SSRIs, MAO-Is, and CRF |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines effect the LC (locus coelreus) cell which _____ GABA and decreases _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| When using animal models, a variety of ______ are modeled |
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Definition
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Term
| Animal Models for anxiety include (6) |
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Definition
1. light/dark and elevated plus mazes
2. Social interactions
3. Conflict Tests
4. Conditioned Fear
5. Behavioral Despair (forced swim)
6. Maternal Seperation |
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Term
| Some argue that schizophrenia is a product of _______ (the modern world's), but this is untrue as cases date back through history |
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Definition
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Term
| Schizophrenia affects about _____ of the population |
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Definition
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Term
| Before the ____ there were no effective treatments for schizophrenia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Prior to 1955 the only treatments for schizophrenia were (3) |
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Definition
isolation
shock therapy
moral treatment |
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Term
| Chlorpromazine was introduced in ____ and reduced hosptil populations by ___ despite the fact that schizophrenia dignoses were increasing |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is considered the most severe mental disorder |
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Definition
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Term
| The first episode of schizophrenia usually happens _______ in ____ or _____ |
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Definition
after a stressful event
adolescence
early adulthood |
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Term
| Subcategories of schizophrenia based on symptoms points to complex etiology (5) |
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Definition
genetic
environmental
psychological
social
behavioral |
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Term
| Positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
disordered thought/speech
disorganized behavior
delusions
hallucinations |
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Term
| negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
adnormal emotion
social and motor withdrawal
anhedonia
avolition |
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Term
| cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
hypervigilance
impaired working memory |
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Term
| Neuropathology of schizophrenia |
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Definition
enlarged lateral ventricles
pyradimal neurons disorganized
hypofrontality (deceased activation of prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| Early neural development of schizophrenia |
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Definition
early neural abnormalities, latent symptoms
flu during pregnancy (risk) |
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Term
| Dopamine Hypothesis for Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| overactive dopamine system--psychostimulants can cause psychosis in normal people, psychostiumlants worsen patients psychosis, antipsychotics are DA antagonists |
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Term
| Problems with DA hypothesis for schizophrenia |
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Definition
| no direct evidence of overactive DA system, antipsychotics don't always work |
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Term
| Glutamate Theory of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Example of how antagonizing DA receptors treat symptoms not cause: antipsychotics disinhibit glutamate release-->glutamate and dopamine interact |
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Term
| Things that could be effected by schizophrenia/could effect schizophrenia |
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Definition
Dopamine
Glutamate
Hippocampus (pyramidal cells)
Prefrontal Cortex |
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Term
| Law of thirds for schizophrenia |
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Definition
1/3 fine
1/3 medicine
1/3 hospitalized |
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Term
| Antipsychotics ____ chances of avoiding serious relapse |
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Definition
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Term
| __ of those who recover from their first episode of schizophrenia and maintained neuroleptics avoid hospitalization for ___ years. ___ of placebo |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical antipsychotics are better for treating ____ symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical antipsychotics have ___ side effects, ____ enough to ____ comliance |
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Definition
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Term
| Typical antipsychotics effect the ____, _____, and ____ pathways |
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Definition
mesolimbic
nigrastriatal
tuberhypophyseal |
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Term
| Some side effects of antipsychotics |
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Definition
Parkinsons sypmtoms
tardive dyskinesia |
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Term
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Definition
| weaker DA2 antagonists, broader spectrum of NT systems, hoped to work better on negative symptoms |
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Term
| Clozapine (atypical antipsychotic) side effects (4) |
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Definition
reduces seizure threshold
increases salivation
weight gain
serious blood abnormality in some (contance testing needed) |
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Term
| Risperidone was used as a replacement for _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Animal models for schizophrenia |
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Definition
Pre-pulse inhibition
Neonatal Hippocampal Lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| models attention deficits (inability to screen out irelevant stimuli) |
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Term
| Neonatal Hippocampal Lesions |
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Definition
| models early trauma and dev. delay in symptoms. manipulates hippocampus and PFC |
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Term
| Early views of addiction focused on |
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Definition
physical dependence
tolerance
withdrawal |
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Term
| Contemporary view of addiction |
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Definition
| addication is a chronic, relapsing behavioral disorder |
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Term
| Physical dependence as a model for addiction |
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Definition
| emphasizes physical changes that lead to withdrawal, learning components triggers relapse |
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Term
| Positive reinforcement as a model for addiction |
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Definition
| emphasizes how users begin, craving increases over time but pleasure does not |
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Term
| Opponent-Process as a model for addiction |
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Definition
| distinguishes between drug "liking" and drug "wanting". process A triggered by drug, process B process triggered by emotion of process A |
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Term
| Disease or Medical model for addiction |
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Definition
| Feature loss of control as an end result, either an in born weakness or altered brain functions. must abstain. |
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Term
| Comprehensive Factors as a model for addiction |
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Definition
| specific effects (drug's effects on brain) along with non-specific effects (set & setting, risk & protection) |
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Term
| Treatment for drug abuse cannot occur until (2) |
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Definition
the person recognizes the problem
the person is motivated to do something about it |
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Term
| Common stages of treatment (5) |
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Definition
Denial
Recognition
Setting goals/Committing
Action
Maintenance |
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Term
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Definition
"Cold Turkey"
Self Help (AA or NA)
Professional Help (Rehab) |
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Term
| Medical Model for addiction treatment |
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Definition
detoxification
maintenance (substitution, antagonist, punishment) |
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Term
| example of subtsitution therapy as treatment for addiction |
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Definition
| methadone treatment for heroin |
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Term
| example of antagonist therapy as treatment for addiction |
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Definition
| thorazine treatment for cocaine |
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Term
| example of punishment therapy as treatment for addiction |
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Definition
| antabuse treatment for alcohol |
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Term
| FDA approved maintenance drugs |
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Definition
disulfiram (antabuse, alcohol)
naltrexone (opiates)
acamprosate (GABA inhibition) |
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Term
| Public Health Model for Addiction |
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Definition
Primary Prevention: stop initial use
Secondary Prevention: stop abuse habits
Tertiary Prevention: decrease use |
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Term
| Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior (D.A.R.E) |
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Definition
| An info. program that teaches someone the neg. aspects of drug use so they develop neg. attitudes about it and then won't ever start the behavior. |
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Term
| Knowledge Attitudes Behavior does not actually work because |
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Definition
| data from 1970s shows this models sparks curiosity and leads to experimentation, no evidence that abuse decreases |
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Term
| Values Clarification (Just say no!) |
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Definition
| helps to sway an individuals attitudes with ethical reasoning. |
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Term
| Alternatives to Drugs (My AntiDrug) |
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Definition
| provides examples of "natural highs" or activities you can do sober that are just as fun/more fun than getting high. |
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Term
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Definition
| give students the personal skills needed to resist drug use |
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Term
| Affective Programs (3) and their effects |
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Definition
Values Clarification
Alternatives to Drugs
Skilled Development
no sufficient effects. |
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Term
| DARE's Social Influence Model |
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Definition
| refusal skills, role playing, public committment,and counter-conditioning for advertisments |
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Term
|
Definition
| teach children what the actual norms/facts are for drug use |
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