Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Drugs
Pharmaceuticals, actions and uses
34
Medical
Graduate
03/08/2018

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Saralasin
Definition
ACE inhibitor
Term
Acetazolamide
Definition
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, works at the renal proximal tubule used to treat respiratory alkalosis induced by mountain sickness
Term
Osmotic Diuretics
Definition

Ex: mannitol

can be used to draw water from the tissues and excrete it in the kidneys

20% soln administered as a bolus of 1 g/kg

repeat at 0.25 - 0.5 g/kg every 4-6 hours

effects peak in 1 hr, and last for 4-24 hrs

Beware of rebound

Uses: prophylaxis of acute renal failure, glaucoma, opthalmologic procedures, cerebral edema

Possible side effects: pulmonary edema (esp. in pts w/ cardiac decompensation), HA, NV, convulsions, hypokalemia

Term
Distal Nephron Diuretics
Definition

K+ diuretics that work on the principal cells

Ex: sprionolactone (aldosterone antagonist), triamterene, amiloride (NaCl channel blockers, reduce H+ secretion)

↑ lumen negative transepithellial voltage

↑ NH3 synthesis

↑ H+ pump & Cl-/CHO3- exchanger

Uses: mild edema, hyperaldosteronism, hypokalemia

Side effects: hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, impotence, ginecomastic

Term
Spirolactone
Definition
Prevents aldosterone from enterinng the nucleus of principal cells
Term
Amiloride & Triamterene
Definition
bind to Na+ channels and inhibit aldosterone induced increase in Na+ reabsorption
Term
Loop Diuretics
Definition

Ex: furosemide (lasix), bumetanide

inhibition of salt reabsorption (including Mg2+) in thick ascending limb Na+/K+/2 Cl-

induce a compensatory ↑ in NaCl reabsorption in the distal tubule

Uses: edema (including pulmonary HTN), hyperccalcemia, prophylaxis of ARF

Side effect: hypovolemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, Ca2+ & Mg2+ depletion

Term
Thiazide Diuretics
Definition

Ex: HCTZ, chlorthalidone, metalozone

 

inhibition of NaCl reabsorption in the early distal tubule

binds to the Cl- spot on NaCl transporter

↑ Ca2+ reabosption

 

Uses: edema, HTN, Hypercalciuria/lithiasis, osteporosis,

 

Side effects: hypovolemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hyponatermia, hypercalcemia

Term
quinupristin/dalfopristin
Definition

streptogamin

 

"drug of last resort" against MRSA

Term
vancomycin
Definition

glycopeptide binds to Gly and inhibits cell wall synthesis

 

PRF B

Term
β-lactams
Definition

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenem, monobactams

 

can be used syntergistically with aminoglycosides, however, do not place in the same bag (inactivation in solution)

 

 

cross into CSF and bone only when inflamed 

excreted by kidneys (except nafcillin → biliary, excretion inhibited by probenecid)

 

safest to use during pregnancy

Term
aminoglycosides
Definition

gentamicin (IM/IV), neomycin (topical), amikacinn (IM/IV), trobramycin (IM/IV) streptomycin (IM), kanamycin, paromomycin

 

inhibition of protein synthesis

 

can be used syntergistically with PCNs, however, do not place in the same bag (inactivation in solution)

 

can cause ototoxicity, especially if used with loop diuretics 

PRF D

Term
cholramphenicol
Definition

inhibits protein synthesis, bacteriostatic

 

also inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells

 

PRF C, causes gray baby syndrome

 

secreted in urine

Term
glycopeptides
Definition

vancomycin, teicoplanin

 

inhibit cell wall synthesis

Term
quinolones
Definition

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin (CSF)

 

interfere with bacterial DNA replication and transcription by inhibiting DNA gyrase, broad spectrum aerobic 

 

DOC for anthrax

 

causes cartilage weakening

contraindicated in myasthenia gravis patients

Term
oxazoldinones
Definition

linezlid, posizolid, tedizolid, cycloserine

 

inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriostatic

Term
nitroimidazoles
Definition

metronidazole (Flagyl), tindazol, nimorazole

 

used to treat anaerobic and parasitic infections

Term
glycylcyline
Definition

tigecycline

 

very new, developed in 2005

Term
lipopetides
Definition

daptomycin, surfactin

 

disruption of cell membrane

Term
streptogramins
Definition

pristinamycin IIA and IA

 

inhibit protein synthesis

Term
ansamycins
Definition

geldanamycin, rifampin, rifamycin, naphthomycin

 

inhibit RNA synthesis

Term
macrolides
Definition

azithromycin - IV, DOC for Mycoplasma pneumoniae  and Legionnaires' disease, preferred for Chlamydia trachomatis, distributes in all fluids except CSF), may cause arrhythmias 

erythromycin - both excreted in bile

clarithromycin - DOC for intracellular infections, excreted by both liver and kidneys

 

inhibit protein synthesis, aggressively bateriostatic

 

interacts with P-450 system

Term
tetracyclines
Definition

tetracycline (PO, short acting), doxycycline (safe for renal insufficiency IV/PO), limecycline, oxytetracycline, demeclocycline (also used for SIADH), tigecycline (IV, long acting)

 

inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosome, bacteriostatic, broad spectrum

 

absorption impaired by cations (found in dairy products, antacids, salts)

excreted in urine (exp dox, which is excreted in bile)

 

not safe for pregnant women or young children (bind to tissue undergoing calcification)

↓ efficacy of birth control

GI upset common

Term
sulfonamides
Definition

prontosil, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole

 

folate antagonist, bacteriostatic, penetrates CSF

 

PRF D, causes kernicterus

can cause crystalluria

Term
penicillin G & V
Definition

PCN G - DOC for syphillis, effective against cocci, G+ bacillli, spirocetes, and streptococcal, penumococcal, & menigococcal infecctions

 

PCN V - similar spectrum, administered orally, acid stable

Term
cephalosporins
Definition

β-lactams

 

1st gen - cefazolin (ancef), good against G+ , and PEcK Proteus, E. coli, K. pneumo, 

also cephalexin (keflex) 

2nd gen - eg. cefoxitin (mefoxin, also covers anaerobic bacteria), also covers HEN

Haemophilus inf, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria

3rd gen - ceftriaxone (rocephin, DOC for meningitis, and gonorrhea), ceftaxime (claforan, DOC for meningitis), mostly against G-, some anaerobic activity, penetrate CSF

4th and 5th gen also exist

 

ineffecctive against MRSA, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium difficle, and Enterococci

 

 

Term
antistaphylococcal PCNs
Definition

Nafcilllin - injected

 

Oxacillin, dicloxacillin - orally for chronic infections (eg. osteomylitis) or parenterally for serious infections

Term
extended spectrum PCN
Definition

ampicillin (PO/IM/IV, DOC for Listeria monocytogenes) & amoxicillin (PO, lyme disease)

 

not active against Pseudomonas or Klebsiella 

 

Augmentin: amoxicillin-clavulanate (a β-lactamase inhibitor)

 

Term
azetreonam
Definition

β lactam monobactam targeting only G- rods

 

 

Binds penicillin binding protein 3 to prevent peptidoglycan cross-linking

Term
fidaxomicin (dificid)
Definition
narrow spectrum macrolide against C. diff, very expensive
Term
clindamycin
Definition

lincosamide, narrow spectrum against anaerobic infection such as Bf 

 

can lead to pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff)

Term
metronidazole
Definition

DOC of protozoals and C. diff

 

not safe for pregnant women or alcoholics

Term
zosyn
Definition
only antipseudomonal PCN currently available
Term
metronidazole (Flagyl)
Definition
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