Term
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Pilocarpine
“pye-loe-KAR-peen”
(Salagen)
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Definition
Class: (Autonomic) cholinergic (parasympathomimetic) agents
Indications: to treat xerostomia. Direct acting (acts on receptor), PANS stimulation, longer duration of action and are more selective. Also, used in tx. of glaucoma because intraocular pressure is decreased, lacrimation.
Adverse effects: perspiration (sweating), nausea, rhinitis, chills and flushing. Vasodilation, bradycardia, hypotension and decreased cardiac output. Increased gastrointestinal activity, motility and secretion, urination, defecation. Cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscles of the eye result in the loss of visual accommodation).
Dental tx. effects: increased salivation.
Drug interactions: additive anticholinergic effect drugs phenothiazines, antihistamines and tricyclic antidepressants.
Contraindications: contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled asthma, known hypersensitivity to Pilocarpine, and when miosis is undesirable, e.g., in acute iritis and in narrow angle (angle closure) glaucoma.
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Term
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Scopolamine
"sko-PAHL-a-meen"
(hyoscine) (Maldemar) (Transderm-scop)
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Definition
Class: Autonomic- anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) Agents
Dental tx. effects: xerostomia
Indications: treating certain types of muscle problems (parkinsons) and certain intestinal problems
Adverse effects: dizziness, drowsiness, restlessness, blurred vision, dry or itchy eyes
Drug Interactions: alcohol, antihistamines, sedatives, anxiety medicine
Contraindications: Spastic Paralyzed Muscles in Children, Brain Damage Occurring in Children, Myasthenia Gravis, Closed Angle Glaucoma, Dysreflexia, High Blood Pressure, Disease of the Arteries of the Heart, Chronic Heart Failure.
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Term
Methylphenidate
"METH-il-FEN-i-date"
(Concerta, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin) |
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Definition
class: adrenergic receptor agonists (sympathomimetic)
Indications: CNS stimulant
adverse effects: congenital heart failure, epilepsy, angina
dental tx. effects: fever sore throat, tachycardia
drug interaction: blood thinners, allergy medication, antidepressant
contraindication: allergic to the drug, glaucoma, overactive thyroid, high BP |
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Term
Ephedrine
"e-FED-rin"
(with guafenesin)Bronkaid Dual
Action Formula |
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Definition
Class: adrenergic receptor agonists (sympathomimetic)
Indications: relief of shortness of breath
Adverse effects:dizziness, nausea, headache, anaphylaxis
dental tx. effects: oral and facial inflammation
drug interactions: monoamine oxidase (MOA) and beta-blockers
contraindications: pregnancy and allergies |
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Term
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Atropine
"AT-roe-peen"
(Atreza,Sal-tropine, AtroPen)
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Definition
Class: (Autonomic) anticholinergic (parasympatholytic) Agents
Indications: relief from spasms of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines), the bladder, and the biliary tract, controlling conditions such as colitis, spastic bladder, diverticulitis, infant colic, renal and biliary colic, peptic ulcer, and irritable bowel syndrome. nose, lungs, salivary glands, and stomach before surgery.Treats the rigidity, tremor, excessive salivation, and sweating caused by Parkinson's disease.
Adverse effects: fever, irritability, fast pulse, irregular heartbeat, mental confusion, difficulty urinating, eye irritation and redness, swelling of the eyelids, sensitivity to bright light (glaucoma), red or dry skin, blurred vision, and tachycardia.
Dental tx. effects: xerostomia
Drug Interactions: Antihistamines, cough and cold medicines, and vitamins.
Contraindications: Pregnancy, kidney disease; urinary tract obstruction, intestinal blockage, ulcerative colitis, complicated by toxic megacolon, glaucoma, myasthenia gravis.
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Term
Pseudoephedrine
"SOO-doe-ee-FED-rin"
(Chlor Trimeton Nasal Decongestan) |
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Definition
class: adrenergic receptor agonists (sympathomimetic)
indications: decongestant
adverse effects: arythemia, braducardia, dizziness etc.
dental tx. effects: tourbled breathing, loss of apetite, petechiae
drug interactions: diet pills, caffeine pills and other stimulants
contraindications: heart disease, diabetes, thyroid disorder |
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Term
Tetrahydrozoline
"TE-tra-hye-DROZ-oh-leen"
(Altazine, Geneye Extra, Geneyes) |
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Definition
class: adrenergic receptor agonists (sympathomimetic)
indications: relieves redness, burning and dryness of the eyes
adverse effects: severe burning, nausea, tearing or blurred vision
dental tx. effects: nausea, syncope
drug interactions: MAO, beta-blocker
contraindications: other eye medications |
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Term
Oxymetazoline
"OX-i-me-TAZ-oh-leen-off-THAL-mik"
(Afrin, Ocu-Clear) |
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Definition
class: adrenergic receptor agonists (sympathomimetic)
indications: vasoconstrictor
adverse effects: headache, nausea, diziness, drowsiness
dental tx. effects: facial and oral inflammation
drug interactions: MAOI, beta blocker
contraindications: asthma, diabetes, thyroid disorder |
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Term
Salicylates (oral) Aspirin
"AS-pir-in"
(Arthritis Pain, Aspergum, Aspir-Low)
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Definition
class: nonopioid analgesic
indications: reduce inflammation, fever and pain
adverse effects: severe nausea, bloody stool, drowsiness, headache, upset stomach etc.
dental tx. effects: severe inflammation lasting more than a week
drug interactions: other salicylates
contraindications: NSAIDS, alcohol |
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Term
Salicylates (topical) methyl salicylate
"METH-il-sa-LISS-il-ate-TOP-ik-al"
(Absorbine Jr., Absorbine Jr. Extra Strength)
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Definition
class: nonopioid analgesic
indications: temporary release of muscle and joint pain
adverse effects: mild cold or burning sensation
dental tx. effects: severe oral and facial inflammation
drug interactions: other drugs taken orally or injected
contraindications: allergies to aspirin |
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Term
Ibuprofen
"eye-byoo-PROE-fen"
(Motrin, advil etc.)
NSAIDS-propionic acid derivative |
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Definition
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Class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
Indications: management of pain and swelling
Adverse rxn.: fluid retention GI: epigastric pain, heartburn, nausea, abdominal pain, appetite decreased, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, flatulence, dyspesia
Drug Interactions: diuretics, steroids, blood thinner etc.
Dental Use/Effect: patients taking aspirin for cardioprotection may interfere with aspirin’s cardiovascular benefits.
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to ibuprofen; history of asthma, urticaria, or allergic-type reaction to aspirin or other NSAIDs; perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
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Term
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Naproxen
"na-PROKS-en"
(Aleve, Anaprox, EC Naprosyn)
NSAIDS-propionic acid derivative |
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Definition
class:Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug
indications:Management of ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid disorders, acute gout; fever
Adverse rxns.: CV: edema, palpitations CNS: Dizziness, drowsiness , headache , lightheadedness, vertigo DERM: pruritus, skin eruption, purpura, rash ENDO: fluid retention GI: constipation, abdominal pain, nausea.
dental tx. effects:sore throat, oral and facial inflammation
Drug Interactions:allergy, pain and cold medication and alcohol
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to naproxen, aspirin, other NSAIDs, or any component of the formulation; perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
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Term
Etodolac
"ee-toe-DOE-lak"
(Lodine, Apo-Etodolac, Utradol)
NSAID-acetic acid derivative
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Definition
Class: anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), oral
Indications: management of postoperative pain. Acute and long-term use in the management of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis; management of acute pain
Adverse effects:constipation; diarrhea; dizziness; gas; headache; heartburn; nausea; stomach upset; stuffy nose; weakness
Dental tx. effect: management of postoperative pain
Drug interactions:lithium, increased levels of lithium may lead to lithium toxicits.y. Etodolac may reduce the blood pressure lowering effects of blood pressure medications. This may occur because prostaglandins play a role in the regulation (lowering) of blood pressure.
Contraindications:hypersensitivity to etodolac, aspirin, other NSAIDs, or any component of the formulation; perioperative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
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Term
Celecoxib
"se-le-KOKS-ib"
(Celebrex)
NSAIDS-COX II Inhibitor
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Definition
Class: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID), COX-2 Selective
Indications: Relief of osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), & (RA); management of acute pain; tx. of primary dysmenorrheal
Dental tx. effects: Stomatitis, abnormal taste, Xerostomia, and tooth disorder
Adverse effects: CV: hypertension, peripheral edema, angina, AV incompetence, chest pain , tachycardia, MI, Coronary hypertrophy. CNS: headache, fever, insomnia, dizziness, anxiety, cerebral infarction, vertigo, depression Derm: rash, alopecia, bruising, cellulitis, dermatitis, pruritus, uritcaria.
Drug interactions: blood thinner, diuretic, lithium,flucanazole
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity- avoid concomitant w/ Ketorolac (systemic); Thioridazine.
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Term
Nystatin
"nye-STAT-in"
(Mycostatin, Nilstat, etc.)
Antifungal for oral candidiasis |
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Definition
class: antifungal
indications: treats infections caused by candidia
adverse effects: priuritis
dental tx. effects: oral and facial inflammation, difficulty breathing
drug interactions: other antifungals by injection
contraindications: avoid tight-fitting clothes, nylon |
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Term
Ketoconazole
"KEE-toe-KON-a-zole"
(Nizoral)
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Definition
class: antifungal
indications: tx. of oral candidiasis infection
adverse effects: severe depression, dizziness, bruising,nausea, numbness
dental tx. effects: facial or oral inflammation
drug interactions: acetominophen, digoxin, cyclosporine, cancer meds., phenytoin, birth control pills
contraindications:alcohol and stomahc acid reducers |
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Term
Fluconazole
"floo-KOE-na-zole"
(Diflucan) |
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Definition
Class: Antifungal agent, oral
Indications: Tx of fungal infections in the oral cavity including candidiasis, oral thrush, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Adverse effects: CV: angioedema, pallor, QT prolongation, rash, CNS: Headache, seizure, dizziness.
Dental tx. effects:Abnormal taste
drug interactions: cyclosporine, blood thinner, methadone
Contraindications:Hypersensitivity to fluconazole, other azoles; concomitant administration with cisaprid |
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Term
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Undecylenic acid
"un-de-sil-EN-ik-AS-id"
(Desenex, Cruex)
Topical antifungal drugs
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Definition
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Class: antifungal agent, topical
Indications: treatment of athlete’s foot (tinea pedis); ringworm (except nails and scalp).
Dental tx. Effects: none
Adverse rxns.: none
Drug interactions: none
Contraindications: hypersensitivity to undecylenic acid or any component of the formulation.
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Term
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Miconazole
"mi-KON-a-zole"
(Fungoid, Micatin, Monistat-Derm)
Topical antifungal drugs
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Definition
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class: antifungal agent, topical; antifungal agent, vaginal
Indications: treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis and a variety of skin and mucous membrane fungal infections.
Dental tx. effects: none
Adverse effects: Topical: allergic dermatitis, burning, maceration; Vaginal: abdominal cramps, burning, irritation, itching.
Drug interactions: none
Contraindications: none
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Term
Clotrimazole
"kloe-TRIM-a-zole"
(Lotrimin, Mycelex)
Antifungal Agent
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Definition
Class:Antifungal Agent, Topical; Antifungal Agent, Vaginal
Indications:Treatment of susceptible fungal infections, including dermatophytoses, superficial mycoses, and cutaneous candidiasis, as well as vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Adverse effects: Vaginal: 1-10%, Genitourinary: Vulvar/vaginal burning
Dental tx. effects: No significant effects or complications reported
Drug interactions: tight-fitting clothes
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to clotrimazole or any component of the formulation
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Term
Acetapminophen
"a-seet-a-MIN-oh-fen"
Tylenol
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Definition
Class: Analgesic
Indications: Treatment of mild-to-moderate pain and fever
Adverse Reactions:DERM: rash. HEMA: anemia, blood dyscrasias.
Drug Interactions: Avoid concomitant use with pimozide
Effects on Dental Tx: no significant effects or complications reported
contraindications: alcohol
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Term
Cephalexin
"SEF-ah-LEX-in"
Keflex
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Definition
Class: Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (1st Gen)
Indications: Prophylactic medication for patients with total joint replacement undergoing dental procedures which can produce bacteremia; alternative oral antibiotic for prevention of infective endocarditis in individuals allergic to penicillins or ampicillins.
Adverse Reactions: CNS: agitation, confusions, dizziness, fatigue, hallucinations, and headaches. DERM: angioedema, erythema multiforme (rare), rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (rare), toxic epidermal necrolysis (rare), urticaria. GI: abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gastritis, nausea (rare), pseudomembranous colitis, vomiting (rare)
Drug Interactions: Avoid concomitant use of cephalexin with any of the following: BCG. May increase levels of METFORMIN. Probencid may increase levels/effects of Cephalexin. Decreases levels/effects of BCG; typhoid vaccine.
Effects on Dental Tx: no significant effects or complications reported
contraindications: alcohol
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Term
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Cefaclor
"SEF-a-KLOR"
(Ceclor, Raniclor)
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Definition
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Class: Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (2nd Gen)
Indications: Alternative antibiotic for tx of orofacial infections in pts allergic to penicillin.
Adverse Reactions: Genitourinary: vaginitis Hemat: eosinophilia GI: diarrhea DERM: rash Other reactions: fever, abdominal pain, superinfections, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, hemorrhage, cholestasis.
Drug Interactions: Avoid concomitant use of cefaclor with any of the following: BCG.
Effects on Dental Tx: no significant effects or complications reported
Contraindications: alcohol
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Term
Cefuroxime
"SE-fyoor-OKS-eem"
(Ceftin, Kefurox, Zinacef)
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Definition
Class: Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (2nd Gen)
Indications: Tx of infections caused by staphylococci, group B streptococci, H. influenza (type A and B), E.coli, Enterobacter, Salmonella, and Klebsiella.
Adverse Reactions:Genitourinary: vaginitis Hemat: eosinophilia GI: diarrhea DERM: diaper rash Other reactions: fever, agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, asterixis, encephalopathy, hemorrhage, neuromuscular excitability.
Drug Interactions: none.
Effects on Dental Tx: no significant effects or complications reported
contraindications: allergies
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Term
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Cefprozil
"sef-PRO-zil"
(Cefzil)
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Definition
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Class: Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (2nd Gen)
Indications: Tx of otitis media and infections involving the respiratory tract and skin and skin structure; active agains methicillin-sensitive staphylococci, many streptococci.
Adverse Reactions: CNS: dizziness Genitourinary: vaginitis, general pruritis GI: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain DERM: diaper rash
Drug Interactions: increased levels/effects by Probenecid; decrease the levels/effects of: BCG; Typhoid Vaccine: Food delays absorption
Effects on Dental Tx: no significant effects or complications reported
contraindications: allergies
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Term
Cefixime
"SEF-iks-EEM"
Suprax
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Definition
Class: Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (3rd Gen)
Indications: Tx of urinary tract infections, otitis media, respiratory infections due to susceptible organisms including S. pneumonie and S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, and many Enterobacteriaceae.
Adverse Reactions:GI: Abdominal pain, nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence, loose stools. Other reactions: aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, colitis, super infections, and agranulocytosis.
Drug Interactions:N/A
Effects on Dental Tx: no significant effects or complications reported
contraindications: alcohol
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Term
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Ciprofloxacin
"SIP-pro-FLOKS-a-SIN"
(Cipro, Cipro XR, Proquin XR)
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Definition
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Class: Antibiotic, Cephalosporin (3rd Gen)
Indications: Tx of urinary tract infections, otitis media, respiratory infections due to susceptible organisms including S. pneumonie and S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, and many Enterobacteriaceae.
Adverse Reactions: GI: Abdominal pain, nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence, loose stools. Other reactions: aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, colitis, super infections, and agranulocytosis.
Drug Interactions: N/A
Effects on Dental Tx: no significant effects or complications reported
contraindication: alcohol
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