Term
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Definition
Injected hypoglycemic
Allows selected cell types to absorb/utilize glucose (liver, skeletal muscle, adipocytes)
Ultrashort-acting: un-complexed, rapidly absorbed
Crystalline zinc insulin: fast acting, short duration
Lente and ultra lente: zinc precipitates
Neutral protamine hagedorn-insulin (NPH): intermediate acting, insulin is released upon degradation of protamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Therapeutic use in diabetes to promote breakdown of glycogen or in severe hypoglycemia when IV glucose is not available |
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Term
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Definition
Oral hypoglycemic
Binds to K channel subunit thus decreasing K efflux and depolarizing the beta cell to cause insulin release
Orally bioavailable
Side-effects include hypoglycemia, GI disturbances and drug-drug interactions |
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Term
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Definition
Biguanides
Oral hypoglycemic
Activation of AMP-kinase promotes glucose uptake and inhibits gluconeogenesis
No direct insulin actions, low odds of hypoglycemia
Side effects include acidosis and anorexia |
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Term
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Definition
Meglitinides
Oral hypoglycemic
Depolarization of beta cell causing insulin release
Short half-life, thus used to control postprandial glucose
Side effects include hypoglycemia |
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Term
Acarbose
Miglitol
Voglibose |
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Definition
alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors
Reduce digestion/absorption of complex carbohydrates
Used to control post-prandial glucose levels not controlled by diet or sulfonylureas
Side effects include GI upset and flatulence |
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Term
Rosiglitazone
Pioglitazone |
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Definition
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs, glitazones)
Bind a transcription factor (PPAR) and induce selective gene expression
Decrease insulin resistance by increasing glucose uptake and metabolism in muscle/fat
Reduces plasma glucose, lipid and insulin
Chronic therapy leads to reduction in triglyceride and increases HDL:LDL |
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