Hashish

Hash Oil

Hashish

-Contains resin of the weed flower without leaves and has a higher THC content (8-14%)

Hash Oil

-Alcohol and weed can be potent up to 50%

-Weed contains two types: Tar and benzopyrene

-If these are present cigarettes, could weed cause cancer.

-People smoke weed 1-5% as frequently as tobacco users

Half life of THC

Where is it stored?

Why doesnt it have the same withdrawls?

-Half life: 19 hours and its metabolites have a half life of 50+ hours. 

-Stored in the fatty tissue

-Because it stays in the body for such a long period of time

Marijuana is the fourth most commonly used drug followed by..

And why has there been an increase in marijuana use in the 1990s?

-Caffeine, Nicotine, and Alcohol

-Could be because parents were baby boomers and have relaxed ideals about drugs

Why is Marijuana such a safe drug?

What does it effect?

-Because there are no receptor sites in the brain that regulate breathing and heart rate which marijuana fits into 

-Effects motor skills, especially if the user is unskilled at the task or a less frequent weed user

-Most users said more peaceful and relaxed

-Philosophical

-Turned on

-Most users enjoy the experience

-They dont smoke when reading or studying because it hinders them

Why is it difficult to understand the chronic affects of marijuana use?

What legit reasons have been found from the studying of weed?

-Because it's often used with other drugs that affect their overall health

-The only legit finding is that weed, when smoked, can affect your lungs to the carcinogens and tar- cancer is a risk for heavy smokers

Weed's danger level found with studies

The problem with these studies

-Rats injected with it had a dopamine increase similar to heroine

-Rats infected with cannabis and then stripped off of receptor sites did show withdrawl

-Perhaps weed is addictive in a diff way than heroin or coke

-Perhaps weed primes the brain for use of other drugs

-Problems

-Used on animals not on humans

-Administered very high levels of the drug (pure THC)

-Drug is forced

1. Structural variables

-Age, sex, social class, race, community, etc.

-Strongest indictor of weed use is age

-Males more likely to use, the greater the frequency of use the more likely that its a male

-Peer influence

-More conservative the individual, the less likely they are to use

2. Social interactional variables

-Interpersonal relationships or the likelihood of associating with those who use

3. Attitudinal variables

-Behavior factors which point to individuals views of the drug and the behavior related to it

Psychosocial Unconventionality

Stepping stone

Gateway

Sensitivity Hypothesis

-Psychosocial Unconventionality: More liberal lifestyle, less inhibitions with sex, drugs, etc.

-Stepping stone: A drug that definitely leads to others

-Gateway: A precursor to the use of other drugs

-Heroin or cocaine use

-The schools

-Sensitivity Hypothesis: Assumes that the use of 1 substance primes an individual (or sensitizes it to drug rewards) for the use of another substance

-Argue theres something inherent in weed use

-The experience of getting high, which caused by pharmacology leads to the use and dependence of other drugs

-Weed users translate into another specific # of coke or heroin users

-Odonell and Clayton argue that weed is the cause of heroin use in the US

-Cause could be cross tolerance or the fact that transferring to opiates helps after someone has become desensitized to the pleasure of weed.

-2 variables are statistically associated

-1 variable is prior to the other at a relevant time

-Association doesnt disappear when the effect of a third variable is removed

-These 3 things means the relationship is causal in nature

-Problems with this: lab evidence doesnt support it

-Rats dont jump on the opportunity to jump into other drugs

-The stat odds of weed causing use of other drugs is rare.. most hard drugs are led up to with legal substance

-Holds that the progression of marijuana use to other drugs takes place not with the psyciological action of the drug ibut because of the activities, and friends they are involved with.

-Not the physical experience but the activity of use

-It's not the weed that causes other drug use but that factor x

-A certain personality syndrome, lifestyle, or orientation causes them both

-Was medicinal

-Ohshaugnessy, a British physician returned to England from India in the 1830s and began distrubing it

-Released report stating how positive their experience was with medical weed in 4 states

-Most users were males, over 40 that had chronic pain or scelerosis

Institute of Medicine

Marinol

-Concluded that the available scientific data in THC is successful at relieving pain, nausea and vomiting

-They supported clinical trials under specific circumstances for MM

-Govt. reps that are against weed argue that Marinol (which has many of weeds med benefits without its pscyhoactive properties) should be used for pain and cancer

-Pro weed argues that the govt. is worried about opening the door to legalized recreational weed

-Synthesized and named by Swiss Chemist Albert Hofmann in 38

-It's potent properties werent discovered until 43 when Hoffman accidently got a minute quality of the drug

Eidteic Imagrey

Synesthesia

Multi Level reality

Fluid Reality

Subjective Exaggeration

Pseudohallucination/ virtual hallucination-

Fluid Reality: Most commonly mentioned

Subjective Exaggeration

Subjective Exaggeration: Perceiving more things then are there or dramatizing characterizations

Pseudohallucination/ virtual hallucination: Knowing that what theyre seeing dont exist, some sort of actual stimulus touches off the sensation

LSD

LSD and chromosome damage

Mutagenic Effect

-It's hard to tell whether a person took pure LSD or contaminated

-Hard to tell how many times and what dosage level thay took

-Many users of LSD use other drugs

-Many infants 4% are born with defects and no LSD was used

Mutagenic Effect: It's capacity to alter chromosomes

-The body builds up a tolerance very quickly, faster than any other drug.

-LSD experience requires a lot of effort

-Inconsistent effects

-Roofies, X, Ketamine, GHB

-He fathered a team of experts to seek our club drug use and found an overwhelming amount of it

-Bogus, people who werent even on club drugs were being counted 

Desoxyn and Biphetamine

Scientists believe what about amphetamines

Pudding

-Two most common amphetamines

-Usually only perscribed for narcolepsy

-Anyone given a high dose for a long time will become psychotic

-Pudding: Getting hung up on something for no reason (counting rocks)

-Started out as Methedrine, people used it to help the crash feeling of heroin.

-But began just using meth instead

-Thought it was safer since meth is smoked and heroin is shot up

-Highly recognized drug

-Cocaine: head drug

-Amphetamines: body drug

Frued and cocaine

Cocaine good for..

-Gave it to a friend, and created the first cocaine addict

-Pain management because it kills pain when in contact with body tissue

-1960s.. it exploded

-1970s-1980s.. cocaine epidemic

-1990s.. subsided

Freebasing

hydrochloride

Monkey model of addiction

-Freebasing: Dissolving coke into an alkaline solution and boiling it.. pure cocaine

-Hydrochloride: 90% pure with the salt removed.. more stable than freebase

-Monkey model: Experiencts on animals wont have the same results as with humans

-The peak year for coke was 85 among high school seniors lifetime prevalence reaches 17%, annual prevalence reached 13% and 30 day prevalence was 7%

-Severe decline in coke use since 85, however the frequent use has remained the same or increased

Most overdoses occur from

Classical addiction model with it

Costs associated with use

-Cocaine

-Not included in the classic addiction model.. no nausea, vomiting, muscle spasms etc.

-Psychological consequences include depression, restlessness, fatigue

-Coke when taken occasionally does little harm.. but many users desire to take it over and over

-Coke prices have gone down but so has use.. cost isnt the only factor

The hypothesis that long term use of coke is associated with an escalating dependency...

Siegel found

Social/recreational coke users..

-And more frequent patterns of user is not supported

-Siegal found people rate cokes price as its worst characteristic

-Dont change their long term patterns and dont appear to develop toxic crisis reactions

Waldorf

Chemicalistic fallacy

-Waldorf: Started interviewing 19 cocaine users in 75 and most people stayed with snorting or abstained. None became heavy users except for one that started out as a heavy user

-Chemicalistic Fallacy: Assumptions that users become powerless before or lose control over their use of a drug

-70s and 80s

-Compared to wine and said there was no withdrawl

Crack

Percentage of coke?

When was it popular?

-Emerged in 85

-Made by soaking coke in hydrochloride and baking sofa and applying heat. Only 30-40% cocaine

-Low use today, but high in late 80s

-1996 Wrote a series for the San Jose Mercury News, a newspaper story, was published that an LA drug dealer Rick Ross was supplied coke by 2 Nicaraguan Contra Leaders Blandon and Menses, who had ties to the CIA

-In exchange the drug ring had funneled millions back to the Contras

Goode says not a shred of hard, credible evidence exists

-Range is very small.. 10-15.. so death is easy. (respiratory paralysis)

Heroine is one of the..

DAWN

..Least used drugs in the US, in most surveys its last

-Shows up with remarkable frequency in DAWN overdose stats.. nearly 1 in 6 ED visits had heroin

-Heroin Injection era.. 1960-1973

-Crack/cocaine era: 1984-1989

-Weed era: 1990 and on

-Dont feel eurphoria the first time

-2/3 future addicts felt it

-30% of nonaddicts felt it

-Wrote book, 'Drugs, Set, and Setting,'

-Stated drugs function in 4 basic overlapping ways

-Define moderate use and condemn compulsive use

-Limit use to physical and social setting that will condone a positive experience for the user.

-Minimize risk.. taking small amounts till they are sure of the affect

-Users may budget the amount of money they spend on drugs

-Proved that controlled use of opiates was possible

1. Rarely used more than once a day

2. Often kept opiates on hands for a period of time without using

3. Tended to avoid using in the company of addicts

4. Tended not to use opiates for depression

5. Usually knew their opiate source personally

6. Usually used for recreation or relaxation

7. Tended not to use opiates to escape

-1/4 of needle using cocaine addicts are infected

-Women with aids from sex: 62%

-Drugs: 36%

-Men, white and black, usually through homosexual relations

-Needle exchange programs have been shown to reduce aids and use even dropped.

-1914: cocaine, heroine, and others

-1937: weed

-People in jail for drugs

-That is more then persons incarcerated for all crimes in the UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain combined.

Uses economic analysis of drug prohibition to determine the likely effects of..

Positive analysis and he 2 issues central to normative analysis of prohibitions

-Prohibition on drug use, crime, health, productivity, product quality, and other outcomes

-Also examines evidence on how drug and drug policy influences each of these outcomes.

-Positive analysis of drug prohibition suggest 2 issues are central to the normative analysis of prohibition

-Whether prohibitions effect on drug consumption is small or large

-Whether prohibition increases or decreases in time.

-Argues that Prohibitions costs outweigh the benefits- legalization is the best method

Positive analysis of drug prohibition suggest two issues are central to the normative analysis of prohibition, what are they..

What is argued?

-Whether prohibitions effect on drug consumptions is small or large

-Whether prohibition increases or descreases in time.

-Prohibitions costs outweigh the benfits..

Legalization is the best method 

This has to do with the analysis of the effects of prohibition on drug use, crime, health, etc.

Phrohabitions ability to reduce drug use is..

whether or not phrohabitions substantially..

-Modest

-Reduces drug use, Prohabitions has numerous negative effects

The most obvious effect of prohibition is..

-Suppliers face legal punishments for manufacturing, distributing and selling drugs and black marker supplier incur the costs of bribing law enforcement authorities and elected official so as to avoid these legal punishments

-The degree to which prohibition is enforced affects the degree to which it raises black market costs

-Prohibition must rely on informants, sting operations, busts, etc. which require enforcement expendure

-Prohitions affects the ability to advertise

-Prohibition has an impact of market power.. suppliers have an easier time maintaining collusive agreements because the parties can, literally, threaten to kill defectors

Prohibition reduces the demand for drugs by..

Prohibition does have the ability to..

The effect of prohibition on the demand for drugs also depends on..

-Prohibition reduces the demand for drugs by imposing legal penalties for possession and increasing uncertainty about product quality

-Prohibition does have the ability to increase demand by creating the 'forbidden fruit,' effect

-The effect of prohibition on the demand for drugs also depends on the degree to which consumers substitute between illegal drugs and legal commodities such as alcohol

-It plausibly reduces drug consumptions relative to what would occur laissez-faire

-But the reduction isnt large/we dont know if drug prohibition mainly effects casual or heavy consumptions

-When police, judges etc spend time pursing dealers they have less time to pursue murder/rapists/etc

-Weakening of respect for law, creates a 'social norm' of illegal drug use.

-Corruption becomes abundant..incentive to bribe elected official becomes more abundant

-Promote civil unrest.. illegal groups (Taliban, FARC) can sell protection to drug traffickers

-Drug use has NOT been proven to cause criminal behavior

Prohibition inhibits quality control in the market for drugs because 

Prohibition can lead to adulterated products (proven during alcohol prohibition when there was a spike in deaths due to poisoned alcohol) What are the incidents related to this?

The rate of these incidents would decline if legalization was put into place since consumer would know the potency of the drugs they were consuming and would have less of a chance of injecting contaminants

Prohibition can increase diseases such as AIDS due to the method of injection (with needles) being more popular for illegal drugs  

-Govt. must spend money of enforcement.

-This leaves less money for other govt programs, while criminals dont have to pay taxes on their drug dealing

Many illegal drugs are grown or manufactured abroad which affects our 

Drug use is a victimless crime so 

Minimum sentencing can hurt the small drug user and 

The use of drugs for medical purposes can be halted during prohibition and 

-scientific research on drugs such as marijuana that could help sick people is made more difficult

-doctors can also “under treat” their patients by not prescribing certain drugs that could be beneficial for fear of legal backlash 

***Prohibition is extremely expensive, in recent years it has exceeded 33 billion which is a major commitment of resources! 

   a priori: 

•        prima facie: 

•        laissez-faire: 

•        marginal cost: 

•        market power: 

•        tautological: 

•        criminogenic: 

   a priori: not based on prior study or examination

•        prima facie: as it appears at first sight, or without other information or evidence

•        laissez-faire: a policy of non-interference (i.e. a drug policy where anything goes)

•        marginal cost: the additional cost needed to produce or purchase one more unit of a good or service

•        market power: the ability to raise price w/o losing customers to competitors

•        tautological: needlessly repetitive

•        criminogenic: producing or tending to produce crime