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Drugs of Abuse - Updated
Pharm Assessment 11
74
Pharmacology
Graduate
01/04/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define Addiction
Definition
Compulsive drug seeking behavior and drug use
Term
Define Tolerance
Definition
a. A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or desired effect
or
b. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance
Term
define Withdrawal
Definition
a. The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance
or
b. The same substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms
Term
What are the 5 catogories the DSM criteria fit into for Addiction?
Definition
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Loss of Control
Preoccupation
Continued use despite adverse consequences
Term
What are 3 factors that can impact an addiction?
Definition
Agent
Host
Environment
Term
What factors play a role in the Host of an addiction?
Definition
Heredity
Likelihood of experiencing pleasure
Drug Metabolism
Psychiatric symptoms
Prior experience/expectations
Propensity to take risks
Term
What factors are associated with Environment and addiction?
Definition
Social setting
Community attitudes
Availability of other reinforcers
Employment
Conditioned stimuli
Term
What are 4 Pharmacological Responses to Drugs?
Definition
Tolerance
Acute Tolerance
Sensitization
Cross-Tolerance
Term
How can physical dependence be tested?
Definition
taking away drug, and see if withdrawal symptoms develope
Term
What is responsible for the sense of high with marijuana?
Definition
THC tetrahydorcannabinol
Term
What route of administration creates the greatest high? lowest high? Longest?
Definition
Greatest High: IV Lowest High: Oral Longest: Oral
Term
What are the early stages of a THC high?
Definition
Euphoria
Uncontrollable laughter
Time/sense alterations
Depersonalization
Term
What are the late stages of a THC high?
Definition
Relaxation
Introspective
Dreamlike state
Difficulty thinking
Term
What are Acute CNS effects of THC?
Definition
decrease short-term memory
confusion
depersonalization
decrease balance/stability
increase hunger
Dry mouth
Sharper imagery
Decreases REM sleep
Term
What are Chronic Effects of THC use?
Definition
Apathy
Dullness
Decreased:
-judgment
-concentration
-memory
-personal appearance and goals
Term
What effects does THC have on HR and BP?
Definition
Acute Increase in HR and BP
Causes Blood Shoot Eyes
Term
How does THC affect the Immune system?
Definition
Decreased T-cell proliferation
Decreased immune response
Term
How does THC effect the Endocrine system?
Definition
Decreases:
-testosterone
-testicular weight
-spermatogenesis
-sexual behavior
-LH, FSH, PrL, GH

Increases:
-Acth
Term
How does THC effect the Respiratory system?
Definition
Acute: bronchodilator
Chronic: bronchoconstriction
Term
What are the 2 THC receptors?
Definition
CB-1 and CB-2
Term
What are the THC receptor Ligands? Which is more abundent/potent?
Definition
Anandamide - more potent
2-arachidonylglyderol - more abundent
Term
What is the endocannabinoids Functions?
Definition
Intervene in short/long term forms of synaptic plasticity
Regulate cognitive function, emotion, reinforcement
Upregulated in response to stressor or insult
Term
Where are CB1 receptors found?
Definition
Brain
Adipocytes
Liver
Duodenum
Muscle
Term
Where are CB 2 Receptors found?
Definition
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Term
What is metabolite of THC is still active?
Definition
11-Hydroxy-Delta9-THC
Term
What is the primary metabolite of THC that is excreted?
Definition
11-nor-delta9-THC-9 carboxylic acid
Term
How does Tolerance develope with THC?
Definition
Pharmacodynamic
Decreases Adenylyl cyclase activity
Decreases Receptors
Some cross tolerance to opioids/alcohol
Term
What are some hazards of THC use?
Definition
Psychotoxicity
Carcinogenic
Teratogenic
Term
What are the 2 forms of Medical Marijuana?
Definition
Dronabinol
Term
What is Medical Marijuana approved for?
Definition
Antiemetic (cancer)
AIDS wasting syndrome
Term
What is a Psychotomimetic?
Definition
Mimic naturally occurring psychoses
Term
What is a Hallucinogenic?
Definition
Mind revealing
Perceptual distortion
Introspection
Term
What drug comes from Claviceps pupurea?
Definition
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
LSD
Term
What drug is a 5-HT2 partial agonist?
Definition
LSD
Term
What are the physiological effects of LSD?
Definition
sympathomimetic
Term
What kind of Psychic effects are caused by LSD?
Definition
Visual hallucinations
synesthesia
time sense alteratoins
loss of boundaries
thought/memories emerge
feel if magically in control
loss of judgment
Term
If someone has a Bad Trip, with spiders crawling on them, what can be used to sedate them?
Definition
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Term
What are some Persistent adverse reactions of LSD?
Definition
Prolonged psychotic reaction
Non-psychotic: flashbacks
Term
What drug comes from the peyote plant?
Definition
Peyote
Mescaline
Term
What is Mescaline an agonist for?
Definition
Serotonin
Dopamine
Term
What are the adverse effects of Mescaline?
Definition
Paranoia and fear
Term
What drug has nicknames, PCP and Angel Dust?
Definition
Phencyclidine
Term
What 3 mechanisms of Action does Phencyclidine have?
Definition
Sigma Receptor Agonist
NMDA Receptor Antagonist
Dopamine/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
Term
What Psychic effects does Phencyclidine have?
Definition
Increase sensitivity to external stimuli
Mood Elevation
Perceptual distrubances
Restlessness
disorientation
detachment
anxiety
loss of proprioception
Term
What are the adverse effects of Phencyclidine?
Definition
Flashbacks
Psychosis
Dependence
Overdose
Term
What symptoms can present with someone with a Phencyclidine Toxicity?
Definition
Hostility towards others
Confusional periods
Coma, convulsions
Psychotic staes
Behavioral problems
Term
What drugs can be used to treat seizure activity from PCP overdose?
Definition
Diazepam, Lorazepam
Term
What are some sources of Inhalants?
Definition
Volatile solvents
Aerosols
Gases
Nitrites
Term
What are the acute effects of Inhalants?
Definition
Slurred Speech
Uncoordinated movements
Euphoria
Dizziness
Lightheadedness
Hallucinations
Delusions
Term
What is the mechanism of Inhalants?
Definition
CNS depressant
Activate dopamine systems
Interact with ligand-gated ion channels
Term
What drug can cause demyelination with abuse?
Definition
Inhalants
Term
What drug can act as a cofactor for AIDS progression? Why?
Definition
Inhalants
Nitrites may reduce lyphocyte count and natural killer cell activity
Term
How can Inhalants cause death?
Definition
Sudden sniffing death (cardiac arrhythmias)
Asphyxiation
Suffocation
Choking
Fatal Injuries
Term
What aspect of cigarette smoking creates the addiction?
Definition
Bolus of nicotine to the brain activates addiction
Term
What does a CYP2A6 variant do to nicotine metabolism?
Definition
reduces nicotine metabolism
more prevalent in non-smokers
Term
Which type of nicotine replacement therapy is contraindicated in patients with oral lesions or extensive dental work?
Definition
Nicotine Gum
Term
What nicotine replacement therapy can cause sleep disturbances and skin reaction at administration site?
Definition
Transdermal nicotine patches
Term
What are the Non-nicotine cessation compounds?
Definition
Buproprion Varenicline Mecamylamine
Term
What Non-nicotine cessation compound is contraindicated in patients with Hx of seizure disorders or Anorexia or Bulimia?
Definition
Buproprion
Term
What drugs should not be given in combination with Buprorion? why?
Definition
Beta-Blockers
Tricyclic antidepressants
SSRIs
Type 1C antiarrhythmic agents
Some antipsychotic medications

CYP2D6 metabolized
Term
What is the mechanism of action of Varenicline?
Definition
Partial agonist with high affinity at alpha4beta2 nicotinic cholinergic receptors Moderate affinity at 5HT-3 receptors
Term
Why is Varenicline a good second choice of treatment to Buproprion?
Definition
Has a different MOA, so might be useful to bupropion resistant smokers
Term
Which nicotine cessation drug is a non-selective antagonist at non-a7-nicotinic cholinergic receptors?
Definition
Mecamylamine
Term
What nicotine cessation drug is an antihypertensive agent?
Definition
Mecamylamine
Term
Why are there increased risk of side effects with Mecamylamine?
Definition
crosses BBB
Term
What are the Early and Late signs of Alcohol withdrawal?
Definition
Early:
Agitation, confusion, hyperactive autonomics, seizures
Late:
delirium tremens -> hyperthermia, hallucination, coma
Term
What does methanol oxidize to? What can this cause?
Definition
Formaldehyde and Formic Acid
Severe adicosis and Retinal Damage
Term
What is the treatment for Methanol intoxication?
Definition

Fomepizole

 

Ethanol and Dialysis (Ethanol is preferred substrate from Alcohol dehydrogenase)

Term
What is Thiamine administered for in treatment of Alcoholism?
Definition
Excessive CNS Depression
To protect against Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Term
What Drugs are used in the treatment of Chronic Alcoholism?
Definition
Naltrexone
Ondanstron
Topiramate
Disulfiram
Term
What drug is an opioid receptor antagonist used to decrease alcoholism relapses?
Definition
Naltrexone
Term
What is a 5-HT3 antagonist that is used to decrease alcohol cravings?
Definition
Ondansetron
Term
What drug is used to treat chronic alcoholism and is a AMPA-R antagonist and GABA-R modulator?
Definition
Topiramate
Term
How does Disulfiram work to treat Chronic Alcoholism?
Definition
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase antagonist

Increases Acetaldehyde -> Nausea, vomiting, headache, hypotension
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