Term
| Name the legal CNS stimulants |
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Definition
Caffeine - blocks adenosine receptors
Nicotine |
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Term
| What drugs are used to stop addiction of smoking? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the illegal CNS stimulants |
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Definition
Cocaine
Amphetamine
Methyphenidate
Methamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) |
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Term
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Definition
It inhibits the dopamine transporter (DAT), decreasing the DA, NE & 5-HT clearance from the synaptic cleft (stops re-uptake)- causing an increase the levels (DA is an important NT involved in the brain’s reward system) & alters mood, motivation,
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of cocaine toxicity? |
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Definition
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CNS: mydriasis, pseudo-hallucinations (cocaine bugs), nonintentional tremor, euphoria, talkativeness, emotional instability
Circulatory: increased BP, tachycardia, MI
Respiratory: increased rate & depth
Temperature: elevated
–impaired heat dissipation (cutaneous vasoconstriction & ¯decreased sweating)
–impaired heat perception
hypermetabolic state
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Term
| What is a clinical use of cocaine? |
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Definition
| Nasal packing local anaesthetic - powerful vasoconstriction |
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Term
| How is Cocaine toxicity treated? |
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Definition
Control body temperature (ice packs & alcohol rubs)
Bicarbonate (acidosis increases toxicity)
IV diazepam for seizures
Wait it out (limited half life)
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Term
Name the Amphetamines
MOA? |
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Definition
Dextroamphetamine
Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate (retalin)
MDMA (ecstasy)
Causes intracellular release of dopamine within the terminal
Amphetamine also inhibits the MAO metabolism of dopamine
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Amphetamine toxicity? |
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Definition
–Tachycardia
–Hypertension
–Hyperthermia
–Mydriasis
Chronic abuse of amphetamines is associated with psychosis & necortizing arteritis(leading to cerebral hemorrhage and renal failure).
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Term
| How is amphetamine toxicity treated? |
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Definition
Control body temperature (ice packs & alcohol rubs)
Bicarbonate (acidosis increases toxicity)
IV diazepam for seizures
Wait it out (limited half life)
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Term
| What are the clinical symptoms of Cocaine and Amphetamine withdrawal? |
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Definition
increased appetite,
exhaustion,
increased sleep time
mental depression
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Term
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Definition
Phencyclidine (PCP)
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
Mescaline & Psilocybin
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Term
PCP
MOA
Clinical signs of toxicity
Treatment of toxicity |
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Definition
NMDA antagonist (ketamine is a derivative of this)
hyperreflexia,
hypersalivation,
nystagmus,
marked hypertension ,
seizures (fatal),
Dissociation - loss of contact with reality (self, senses)
Psychomimetic - aggression, panic, violence
Benzodiazepines - Lorazepam or Diazepam to prevent seizures |
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Term
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Definition
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Agonist at 5-HT1A & 5-HT1C receptors
Psychedelic - Blurring of vision, distortions of perspective, organised visual illusions or "hallucinations,"
overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (dilated pupils, increased HR, mild elevation of BP, tremor)
Overdoses cause panic reactions called as “bad trip”
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Term
Marijuana & canabis
What is its active form?
What are the clinical symptoms of toxicity? |
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Definition
Tetrahydrocanabinol (THC)
euphoria
uncontrollable laughter
increased appetite
altered sense of time
difficulty concentrating
decreased memory
Vasodilation and tachycardia
Habitual users show Reddened conjunctiva
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Term
What is the MOA of cannabinoids
What are the therapeutic uses of cannabinoids? |
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Definition
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THC is an agonist at CB1 & CB2 receptors
Dronabinol - used to treat nausea & vomiting in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy
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Term
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Definition
heroin,
morphine,
oxycodone,
meperidine |
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Term
| What are the clinical symptoms of opioid withdrawal? |
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Definition
Lacrimation, rhinorrhea
Yawning and sweating
Chills, goose flesh (“cold turkey”)
Tremors , muscle jerks(“kicking the habit”)
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Term
| How is opioid withdrawal treated? |
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Definition
Substituting with Methadone or buprenorphine…followed by its slow dose reduction
Clonidine is also found to be effective for withdrawal
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Term
| What causes precipitated withdrawal from opioids? |
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Definition
| Use of opioid antagonist (naloxone, naltrexone) in an abuser may precipitate withdrawal |
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Term
| Name the CNS depressants that are abused |
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Definition
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Ethanol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)
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Term
What CNS depressants are 'club drugs' and what are the signs of its withdrawal?
How is it treated? |
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Definition
Flunitrazepam (Benzodiazepine) & Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)
Insomnia, tremor, anxiety, seizures, delirium
Substituting a long acting Sedative hypnotics (Lorazepam, diazepam) Or clonidine
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