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Drugs for Dr. Quocks Pharmacology Exam 3
All the drugs mentioned for exam 3
112
Pharmacology
Professional
04/03/2012

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Term
cocaine
Definition
ester (local anesthetic)
Term
benzocaine
Definition
ester (local anesthetic)
Term
procaine
Definition
ester (local anesthetic)
Term
propoxycaine
Definition
ester (local anesthetic)
Term
tetracaine
Definition
ester (local anesthetic)
Term
lidocaine
Definition
amide (local anesthetic)
Term
mepivacaine
Definition
amide (local anesthetic)
Term
bupivacaine
Definition
amide (local anesthetic)
Term
ropivacaine
Definition
amide (local anesthetic)
Term
etidocaine
Definition
amide (local anesthetic)
Term
prilocaine
Definition
amide (local anesthetic)
Term
pseudocholinesterase
Definition
ester enzyme (breaks down esters at a slower rate than the normal esterase) --caused by idiosyncracy
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
causes muscle contractions (can be broken down by cholinesterase)
Term
CYP450
Definition
cytochrome in liver the metabolizes drugs including amides
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
vasoconstrictor dependent on alpha receptors
Term
epinephrine
Definition
vasoconstrictor dependent on alpha receptors
Term
phenylephrine
Definition
vasoconstrictor dependent on alpha receptors
Term
felypressin
Definition
vasoconstrictor independent of alpha receptors
Term
methylparaben
Definition
preservative used with local anesthetics that causes hypersensitivity cases
Term
prilocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine (3 local anesthetics that have metabolites to cause...)
Definition
methemoglobinemia
Term
nitrous oxide
Definition
only inhalation agent that is a weak anesthetic GAS
Term
fluorinated hydrocarbons
Definition
volatile liquids used as inhalation agents for general anesthesia
Term
Dantrolene IV
Definition
only effective drug that "uncouples" activation of nicotinic receptors releasing calcium ions --> used in hyperthermic patients (adverse idiosyncric effect of general anesthesia) acting on the RYANADINE receptor
Term
Thiopental
Definition
representative IV agent that enhances inhibitory GABA neurotransmission (general anesthesia)
Term
Pentothal
Definition
thiopental drug (enhances inhibitory GABA)
Term
Propofol
Definition
thiopental drug (enhances inhibitory GABA)
Term
etomidate
Definition
thiopental drug (enhances inhibitory GABA)
Term
midazolam
Definition
thiopental drug (enhances inhibitory GABA)
Term
ketamine
Definition
IV agent that inhibits excitatory NMDA neurotransmission (structurally related to phencyclidine) - used to be an IV anesthetic but causes hallucination in patients over 16 years old
Term
Droperidol/fentanyl
Definition
neuroleptanalgesia.Synergistic effect. Effects include psychic indifference to pain, potential for cardiovascular or respiratory depression
Term
morphine
Definition
agonist at opioid receptor (g protein-coupled opioid receptors resulting in changes of enzymatic activity --> inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, reduction of neurotransmitter release), decrease sodium, calcium influx, increase potassium efflux
Term
naloxone
Definition
antagonist of the opioid receptor ligands. Used for patients who have had too much morphine.
Term
heroin + naloxone
Definition
the naloxone will block opioid effects and it will act as a cough suppressant
Term
dextromethorphan
Definition
antitussive non-analgesis analog of levorphanol
Term
naltrexone
Definition
morphine antidote (like naloxone but lasts several hours)
Term
opium alkaloids, most notably the phenanthrenes
Definition
morphine (standard narcotic analgesic), codeine (mainly antitussive and weak analgesic)
Term
Codeine
Definition
1/10 x morphine potency
Term
semisynthetic opiate drugs- all phenanthrenes
Definition
hydromorphone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, diacetylmorphine or heroin
Term
Diacetylmorphine or heroin
Definition
2-3 x morphine potency
Term
synthetic opiate drugs
Definition
Phenylheptylamines: Methadone, Levomethadyl
Phenylpiperidine: meperidine, fentanyl, alfentanil,sufentanil,carfentanil
Term
Methadone
Definition
3 x morphine potency
Term
Levomethadyl
Definition
treatment of addiction
Term
meperidine
Definition
1/8 x morphine potency
Term
fentanyl
Definition
80x morphine potency
Term
alfentanil
Definition
10x morphine potency
Term
sufentanil
Definition
500 x morphine potency
Term
carfentanil
Definition
8,0000 x morphine potency
Term
enkephalins
Definition
methionin and leucine
Term
methionin enkephalin
Definition
brain and spinal cord neurotransmitter; also released from adrenalal medulla as a hormone. mainly at mu and delta opioid receptors
Term
leucine enkephalin
Definition
neurotransmitter; also released from adrenal medulla as a hormone. mainly at mu and delta opioid receptors
Term
endorphins
Definition
beta-endorphin
Term
beta-endorphin
Definition
brain and spinal cord neurotransmitter; also released from adrenal medulla as a hormone. mainly at mu and epsilon opioid receptors
Term
dynorphins
Definition
brain and spinal cord neurotransmitter, almost exclusively at kappa opioid receptors. Only one has predominant action on kappa receptors
Term
endomorphins
Definition
endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-1 (only 4 AA long)
Term
endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2
Definition
brain neurotransmitter; almost exclusively at mu opioid receptors
Term
Mu receptor
Definition
for morphine and most clinical narcotic analgesics; thought to produce the strongest analgesic
Term
kappa receptor
Definition
for mixed agonist-antagonists
Term
delta receptors
Definition
under development, but analgesic properties generally equal to morphine
Term
buprenorphine (suboxone with naloxone)
Definition
partial mu agonist
Term
dezocine
Definition
partial mu agonist
Term
pentazocine
Definition
mu antagonist, kappa agonist
Term
nalbuphine
Definition
mu antagonist, kappa agonist
Term
butorphanol
Definition
mu antagonist, kappa agonist
Term
Methysergide
Definition
ergot-derived prophylactic agent (blockade of cerebral vascular 5HT2a and/or 5HT2c receptors to prevent initial 5HT-induced vasoconstriction and prevent onset of migraine attack
Term
Ergotamine, ergotamine plus caffeine
Definition
nonspecific vascular smooth muscle stimulation to reverse reactive vasodilation
Term
Sumatriptan, rizatripan, eletriptan
Definition
stimulation of 5HT1b and/or 5HT1d receptors --> vasoconstriction
Term
neurochemicals in the ascending reticular activating system
Definition
norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, GABA
Term
activated barbiturate receptors
Definition
lowers the threshold for the GABA receptor to be turned on. prolong the duration that the chloride gate is opened for chloride ion influx
Term
activated benzodiazepine receptors
Definition
sensitizes the GABA receptor. causes the chloride gate to open more frequently for chloride ion influx.
Term
Thiopental (Pentothal)
Definition
ultrashort-acting (thio) barbiturates-- physical redistribution to fat and skeletal muscle
Term
secobarbital, pentobarbital, amobarbital
Definition
short to intermediate acting (oxy) barbiturates-- 100% hepatic metabolism)
Term
phenobarbital, primidone
Definition
long-acting (oxy) barbiturate-- 2/3 metabolized, 1/3 excreted unchanged
Term
Uses of ultrashort-acting barbiturates
Definition
intravenous general anesthetics
Term
uses of short to intermediate acting barbiturates
Definition
sedative hypnotics
Term
uses of long-acting barbiturates
Definition
anticonvulsants
Term
barbiturates, alcohol, and carbamenzapine decreases the effects of these drugs
Definition
warfarin, chloramphenical, morphine, and oral contraceptives
Term
Flurazepam
Definition
benzodiazepine used for hypnosis, short acting, no hang-over or sleepniness the next day
Term
temazepam
Definition
benzodiazepine used for hypnosis, short acting, no hang-over or sleepniness the next day
Term
lorazepam
Definition
benzodiazepine used for hypnosis, short acting, no hang-over or sleepniness the next day
Term
triazolam
Definition
benzodiazepine used for hypnosis, short acting, no hang-over or sleepniness the next day
Term
flumazenil
Definition
reverses benzodiazepine intoxication, affinity but no efficacy
Term
ramelteon
Definition
agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, only non-scheduled prescription drug in the US to be used to treat insomnia
Term
diazepam
Definition
facilitates inhibotry GABAa neurotransmission (spasmolytic drugs)
Term
corisoprodol
Definition
facilitates inhibotry GABAa neurotransmission (spasmolytic drugs)
Term
cyclobenzaprine
Definition
facilitates inhibotry GABAa neurotransmission (spasmolytic drugs)
Term
orphenadrine
Definition
facilitates inhibotry GABAa neurotransmission (spasmolytic drugs)
Term
baclofen
Definition
stimulate inhibotry GABAb receptors
Term
tizanidine
Definition
facilitate inhibitory alpha2 adrenergic neurotransmission
Term
dantrolene
Definition
peripherally acting muscle relaxant (also used for malignant hyperthermia)
Term
disulfiram
Definition
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor (used in aversion therapy for alcoholics)
Term
Other drugs with disulfiram like action:
Definition
griseofulvin, metronidazole, sulfonylureas
Term
thiamine (Vitamine B1) deficiency causes 2 types of alcoholic dementia:
Definition
Wernicke's encephalopathy (neurological disturbance) and Korsakoff's psychosis (mental disturbance)
Term
Clonidine
Definition
reduces excitation of neurons that mediate alcohol withdrawal
Term
naltrexone
Definition
blocks opioid receptors in reward circuit (treatment of alcoholism)
Term
acamprosate
Definition
restores balances between glutamate and GABA by either blocking NMDA receptors or activating GABA receptors (treatment of alcoholism
Term
glutamate
Definition
primary excitatory transmitter
Term
GABA
Definition
primary inhibitory transmitter
Term
Phenytoin
Definition
treatment of tonic-clonic or psychomotor epilepsies. interferes with electrical activity in epilepsy
Term
Phenobarbital
Definition
treatment of psychomotor epilepsy
Term
primidone
Definition
prodrug for phenobarbital. treatment of psychomotor and tonic-clonic epilepsies
Term
clonazepam and diazepam
Definition
treament of absence and myoclonic epilepsies (clonazepam); emergency treatment of status epilepticus (diazepam)
Term
hepatic metabolism decreased by:
Definition
valproic acid, propranolol
Term
hepatic metabolism of oxidized benzodiazepines decreased by:
Definition
estrogen-dominant oral contraceptics
Term
hepatic metabolism of glucuronidation of conjugated benzodiazepines increased by:
Definition
oral contraceptives
Term
carbamazepine
Definition
treatment of psychomotor and tonic-clonic epilepsies; treatment of trigeminal and facial neuralgias
Term
valproic acid
Definition
treatment of psychomotor, tonic-clonic, absence and myoclonic epilepsies
Term
ethosuximide, trimethadione
Definition
treatment of petit mal epilepsy
Term
gabapentin, pregabalin
Definition
centrally acting GABA agonists (anticonvulsant)
Term
felbamate
Definition
positive modulator of GABAa receptors; possibly blocker of NMDA receptors (anticonvulsant
Term
topriamate
Definition
inhibitor of GABA reuptake into neurons and glial cells (anticonvulsant)
Term
lamotrigine
Definition
sodium channel blocker but may also block voltage-activated calcium channels (anticonvulsant)
Term
levetiracetam
Definition
inhibit spread of electrical activity by unknown mechanism
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