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Drugs Exam 2
U-Iowa Drugs Unit 2
249
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 1
03/21/2017

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Term
What is the basic component of the central and peripheral nervous system?
Definition
Neurons
Term
What are the three key parts of neurons?
Definition
Dendrites, cell body, axons
Term
What do dendrites do?
Definition
receive information from preceding neurons
Term
What do axons do?
Definition
They transmit information to the next neuron
Term
The signals being passed from axon to dendrite are in what form?
Definition
Electrical
Term
The signals being passed from neuron to other neurons or other cell types, across a synapse are in what form?
Definition
Chemical
Term
What are the chemical signals in between neurons called?
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
What is the technical definition of drug addiction?
Definition
The development of both tolerance and withdrawal, along with an inability to discontinue the drug
Term
What neurotransmitter is associated with addiction and "reward"?
Definition
Dopamine
Term
How do federal laws control drugs with a potential for abuse and addiction?
Definition
Controls the manufacturing, distribution, and use of these drugs
Term
Abuse
Definition
Destructive pattern of substance use with a pattern of 1+/year
Term
Action Potential
Definition
An electrical signal to transmit information
Term
Addiction
Definition
- Destructive pattern of substance abuse with a pattern of 3+/year
- this is what is associated with tolerance and withdrawal
Term
Central nervous system
Definition
- brain and spinal cord
- integrates information
- coordinates body activity
Term
Peripheral nervous system
Definition
- nerves outside CNS
- innervates limbs and tissues
- relays sensory info to and from CNS
Term
Dependence
Definition
***not always addicts
relying on a drug to get through everyday tasks
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
- a state of equilibrium
- can be temporarily disrupted by drug use
- can also be changed with repeated use
- withdrawal will also "tip the balance"
Term
Pre-synaptic terminal
Definition
-contains neurotransmitters
- nts are released with the neuron is acivated
Term
Post-synaptic terminal
Definition
- receives neurotransmitters
- contain the receptors
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
- a physical gap between the pre- and post-synaptic terminals
- neurotransmitters released into the cleft
Term
Tolerance
Definition
diminished effect of substance with continued use, meaning there is a need to increase the dose to achieve the desired effect
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
the onset of substance specific symptoms upon ending the substance use
Term
What are the CNS depressants?
Definition
benzodiazepines and barbituates
Term
What do the CNS depressants do?
Definition
they decrease the likelihood of the post-synaptic neuron firing an action potential by increasing the GABA receptor activity
Term
What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
Definition
GABA
Term
What neurotransmitter does alcohol mimic in the depression of CNS function?
Definition
GABA
Term
What are depressants used to medically treat?
Definition
anxiety, insomnia, convulsions, and muscle spasms
Term
Why have benzodiazepines replaced barbituates in treating anxiety and insomnia?
Definition
They are safer and they have a lower abuse potential
Term
Depressant overdoses often inhibit which bodily functions, often leading to death?
Definition
respiratory and heart function
Term
What is the most widely used and abused drug in the world?
Definition
Ethanol/alcohol
Term
What does alcohol cause?
Definition
- CNS depression by increasing GABA signaling and by decreasing the activity of the NMDA receptor
Term
What is GABA signaling similar to?
Definition
benzodiazepines and barbituates
Term
What does the NMDA receptor do?
Definition
excites neurons
Term
What is chronic ethanol use?
Definition
alcoholism
Term
What does alcoholism have chronic effects on?
Definition
the CNS, the liver, the cardiovascular system, and the gastrointestinal tract
Term
What is the difference in neuronal effects of alcohol between adults and fetuses?
Definition
In adults its only neuronal function depression and in fetuses it is widespread neuronal death
Term
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Definition
an enzyme that helps the liver metabolize alcohol
Term
Alcohol proof
Definition
the measure of alcohol in an alcoholic beverage
Term
Anti-anxiety drugs
Definition
drugs that calm and relax people
Term
Anticonvulsant
Definition
anti-epilectic or anti-seizure drugs
Term
Cardiovascular/respiratory depression
Definition
a negative effect of benzodiazepines and barbituates
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
sudden recurrent episodes of sensory disturbance, loss of consciousness, or convulsions, associated with abnormal electrical brain activity
Term
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
causes abnormal facial features, growth deficiency, and central nervous system dysfunction
Term
Gateway drug
Definition
alcohol is an example, a drug that leads to use of more prominent drugs
Term
Hypnotic
Definition
a sleep inducing drug (alcohol can be hypnotic)
Term
Muscle relaxant
Definition
treatment for spasms and/or tension
Term
Excitatory signal
Definition
a signal that makes neurons more likely to fire (glutamate)
Term
Inhibitory signal
Definition
a signal that makes neurons less likely to fine (GABA)
Term
Sedative
Definition
-"feels good"
- produces sleep
Term
Benzodiazepines (3)
Definition
- diazepam (Valium)
- alprazolam (Xanax)
- flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
Term
Barbiturates (1)
Definition
phenobarbital (Luminal)
Term
Benzosiazepine-like (3)
Definition
- zolpidem (Ambien)
- zaleplon (Sonata)
- eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Term
Antagonists (3)
Definition
- acamprosate (Campral)
- disulfiram (Antabuse)
- flumazenil (Romazicon)
Term
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
Definition
- antagonizes benzodiazepines, such as overdoses
- competes with the bnzdpns receptor binding
Term
Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol)
Definition
- roofies
- sleeping pill
- illegal in USA
Term
Drugs that are bnzdpn-like effects are _________.
Definition
-sedative/hypnotic
-sleep induction
Term
Disulfiram (Antabuse)/Acamprosate (Campral)
Definition
prevents alcoholism relapse through aversion therapy by inhibiting ALDH (severe nausea from alcohol consumption)
Term
Within the CNS and the PNS, what do stimulants do to certain neurotransmitters?
Definition
they increase or mimic their actions
Term
Stimulant general information
Definition
- a common set of behavioral and biological effects, as well as adverse effects
- also has a unique behavioral and biological effects because of the slight differences in the neurotransmitters they act on
Term
How do we group stimulants?
Definition
by the neurotransmitter systems they target and their major mechanisms of action
Term
What are the three basic groups of stimulants?
Definition
- amphetamine-like drugs
- cocaine-like drugs
- caffeine-like drugs
Term
How do amphetamine-like drugs increase neurotransmitter action?
Definition
inhibit the re-uptake and/or metabolism of specific neurotransmitters
Term
What are amphetamine-like drugs most commonly used for?
Definition
therapeutically to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
Term
What can abuse of amphetamine-like drugs lead to?
Definition
adverse behavioral and neurobiological effects
Term
What is an amphetamine derivative that doesn't have a therapeutic use?
Definition
Ecstasy (MDMA) [also Schedule I]
Term
What are the effects of Ecstasy?
Definition
it can lead to the death of both serotonin and dopamine producing neurons (causes long-term affects)
Term
What drug is used therapeutically for anesthetic actions due to their ability to block sodium-ion channels?
Definition
Cocaine and its derivatives
Term
What is the danger of cocaine?
Definition
the potentially deadly effect on the heart
Term
What neurotransmitter does caffeine (and caffeine-like) drugs affect?
Definition
adenosine
Term
What two ways that caffeine is used therapeutically?
Definition
- to treat migraine and non-migraine headaches
- as an OTC drug to increase alertness and delay sleep
Term
What can stimulant use lead to?
Definition
powerful addiction, including tolerance and withdrawl
Term
Withdrawal from drugs reveals _________?
Definition
intense drug cravings, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue
Term
Are there any pharmacological treatments for stimulant addiction?
Definition
NO
Term
Adenosine receptor
Definition
in the neural membrane, receive adenosine (the neurotransmitter that helps in cellular energy transfer)
Term
Anesthetic
Definition
decreases sensitivity to pain
Term
Antiarrhythmic
Definition
drugs used to treat abnormal heart rhythms caused by irregular electric activity
Term
Apnea
Definition
a temporary halt of breathing
Term
ADHD
Definition
difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior
Term
Caffeinism
Definition
symptoms of diarrhea, elevated blood pressure, rapid breathing, heart palpitations, and insomnia caused by over consumption of caffeine
Term
Dopamine
Definition
the "reward" neurotransmitter associated with feeling good
Term
Methylxanthine
Definition
- group of naturally occurring agents present in caffeine
- act on the CNS, stimulate the myocardium, relax smooth muscle, and promote urination
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
tendency to fall asleep quickly when in relaxing settings
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
a neurotransmitter that affects the brain and body, as a drug it can increase blood pressure
Term
Serotonin
Definition
a neurotransmitter, constricts blood vessels
Term
Amphetamine (Dexedrine)
Definition
- addictive mood altering drug
- usually used illegally as a stimulant
- used legally in children with ADD and adults with narcolepsy
Term
Amphetamine Salts (Adderall)
Definition
- treats ADHD and narcolepsy
Term
Ephedrine/pseudophedrine
Definition
- constricts blood vessels
- widens bronchial passages
- relieves asthma and hay fever
Term
Lidocane (Xylocaine)
Definition
- local anesthetic
- used in dental surgery
- treats abnormal heart rhythms
Term
Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)
Definition
- more rapid and longer lasting effects than amphetamines
- used to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure
- also used illegally
Term
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Definition
- stimulate CNS/PNS
- used to improve mental activity in ADD
Term
Phentermine/fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)
Definition
appetite suppressant drugs (not used since withdrawal from market)
Term
Phentermine/topiramate (Qnexa)
Definition
- combination medicine used for moderate weight loss
Term
Phentermine/fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)
Definition
appetite suppressant drugs (not used since withdrawal from market)
Term
Phentermine/topiramate (Qnexa)
Definition
- combination medicine used for moderate weight loss
Term
What effects do mental illnesses have on the body?
Definition
genetic, biological, and environmental component effects
Term
How are mental illnesses usually diagnosed?
Definition
By the patient's symptoms rather than by lab tests
Term
Pharmacological treatments for brain disorders target __________?
Definition
the availability or signaling actions of one or more neurotransmitters in the brain
Term
What is major depressive disorder (MDD) characterized by?
Definition
prolonged period of depression
Term
How is major depressive disorder (MDD) treated?
Definition
antidepressant medications and/or psychotherapy
Term
What are anxiety disorders thought to be caused by?
Definition
abnormal levels of dopamine and GABA in the brain
Term
How are anxiety disorders treated?
Definition
with anti-depressant medications, anti-anxiety drugs, and/or psychotherapy
Term
What is schizophrenia?
Definition
a chronic brain disease characterized by both positive and negative symptoms
Term
What is schizophrenia though to be cause by?
Definition
excessive activity of the dopamine neurotransmitter system in the brain
Term
How is schizophrenia usually treated?
Definition
- with anti psychotic drugs that block excess dopamine activity
- typically alleviate the positive symptoms fairly well but won't really affect the negative ones
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
- functions as a neurotransmitter
- causes skeletal muscles to contract
Term
Affective blunting
Definition
- lack of affect more severe than restricted or constricted affect, but less severe than flat or flattened affect.
(a person with flat affect has no or nearly no emotional expression)
Term
Atypical/typical antipsychotic
Definition
- two groups of antipsychotic drugs
- used to manage schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism (sometimes major depressive disorder)
Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition
- alternating periods of elation and depression
Term
Delusion
Definition
a belief or impression that is firmly maintained despite contradiction by what is generally accepted as reality or rational argument
Term
Depression
Definition
- feeling sad, worthless, hopeless, etc.
- for an extended period of time
Term
Electroconvulsive therapy
Definition
- a procedure in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure
- seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses
Term
Mania
Definition
periods of great excitement, euphoria, delusions, and overactivity
Term
Negative Symptoms
Definition
thoughts, feelings, or behaviors normally present that are absent or diminished in a person with a mental disorder
Term
Panic attack
Definition
- sudden feeling of acute and disabling anxiety
- may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something bad is going to happen
Term
Panic disorder
Definition
debilitating anxiety and fear arise frequently and without reasonable cause
Term
Positive symptoms
Definition
feelings or behaviors that are usually not present, such as delusions or hallucinations
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
treatment of mental disorder by psychological rather than medical means
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
- a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior
- withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion
Term
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)
Definition
a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other mood disorders
Term
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
Definition
commonly prescribed drugs for treating depression
Term
Tricyclic antidepressant
Definition
antidepressants that get their name from their three rings of atoms
Term
Tardive dyskinesia
Definition
neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face and jaw
Term
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Definition
- a synthetic drug used as a tranquilizer, sedative, and antiemetic
- primarily used for schizophrenia
Term
Clozapine (Clozaril)
Definition
sedative drug used to treat schizophrenia
Term
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Definition
a synthetic compound that inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain and is taken to treat depression
Term
Haloperidol (Haldol)
Definition
a synthetic antidepressant drug used chiefly in the treatment of psychotic conditions
Term
Imipramine (Tofranil)
Definition
a synthetic compound used to treat depression
Term
Lithium (Lithobid)
Definition
- used to treat the manic episodes of manic depression
- affects the flow of sodium through nerve and muscle cells in the body
Term
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Definition
- an antidepressant in the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause depression, panic, anxiety, or obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Term
How do mind-altering drugs affect the brain?
Definition
they affect the brain signaling networks (like seratonin and dopamine systems) that structurally resemble neurotransmitters
Term
Examples of mind-altering drugs
Definition
hallucinogens: LSD, psilocybin, and marijuana
Term
Will smoking or ingesting hallucinogens and marijuana cause a faster onset of effects?
Definition
Smoking will (bypasses the liver)
Term
How do drugs enters the body when smoked?
Definition
into the lungs for immediate absorption and distribution via the circulatory system
Term
How do drugs enter the body when orally ingested?
Definition
has a slower absorption into the circulatory system (slower delivery mechanism)
Term
What is the most potent psychoactive compound found in marijuana?
Definition
THC
Term
What does THC bind to?
Definition
the cannabinoid receptors
Term
Why is THC detectable in drugs tests long after its use?
Definition
- it's lipid soluble and stored in fatty tissues
- this allows it to reenter the circulation as the plasma level declines
Term
What makes THC so addictive?
Definition
- it activates the dopamine reward pathway in the brain
Term
What do low doses of THC do?
Definition
causes mood changes and sensory perception changes
Term
What do high doses of THC do?
Definition
substantial changes in personality, perception, motor skills, and cognitive function
Term
What are the medical uses of THC?
Definition
- treatment of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients
- appetite stimulation in AIDS patients
- analgesia
- glaucoma
Term
Bioavailability
Definition
the proportion of a drug or other substance that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect
Term
Cannabis Sativa
Definition
a marijuana that produces a clear-headed high
Term
Cognitive function
Definition
cerebral activities that lead to knowledge
Term
Hallucinogen
Definition
a drug that causes hallucinations
Term
Hypertension
Definition
abnormally high blood pressure
Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition
abnormally high blood sugar
Term
Lipid soluble
Definition
soluble in fats
Term
Prodrug
Definition
a biologically inactive compound that can be metabolized in the body to produce a drug
Term
Psychedelic
Definition
relating to drugs that produce hallucinations and apparent expansion of consciousness
Term
Synesthesia
Definition
the production of a sense impression relating to one sense or part of the body by stimulation of another sense or part of the body
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
abnormally fast heart rate
Term
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Definition
a drug that produces hallucinations
Term
Nabilone (Cesamet)
Definition
a synthetic cannabinoid with therapeutic use as an antiemetic and as an adjunct analgesic for neuropathic pain
Term
psilocybin
Definition
a hallucinogenic alkaloid, found in some toadstools
Term
THC (delta9-tetrehydrocannabinol, Marinol)
Definition
a type of marijuana and hallucinogen
Term
For what purpose are inhalants abused?
Definition
reaching a "high"
Term
Where are the inhalants for reaching a "high" usually found?
Definition
in house hold items, so usually inhalant abusers are minors
Term
What does the acute intoxication after inhalant administration resemble?
Definition
alcohol intoxication (there are important distinctions)
Term
What system in the body is particularly susceptible to damage due to inhalants?
Definition
the nervous system
Term
Outside of the CNS, what organ do inhalants damage the most?
Definition
the heart
Term
How does smoking tobacco mainly cause millions of deaths each year worldwide?
Definition
through diseases affecting the lungs and the cardiovascular system
Term
What is the key component of tobacco and what are its effects?
Definition
nicotine and it has acute stimulatory effects
Term
Why is quitting the use of tobacco extremely hard?
Definition
users develop tolerance and dependence
Term
Many of the adverse effects associated with smoking are attributable to compounds in tobacco smoke that are not ____________?
Definition
nicotene
Term
Cadmium
Definition
- can cause cancer in humans
- high levels of cadmium are in cigarette smoke
Term
Inhalant
Definition
a drug (whether legal or illegal) in which it enters your bloodstream through the lungs
Term
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Definition
- respond to neurotransmitter acetylcholine
- respond to nicotine
Term
Partial agonist
Definition
drugs that bind to and activate a given receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor
Term
Stimulant
Definition
raises levels of physiological or nervous activity in the body
Term
Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban, Wellbutrin)
Definition
used to help people stop smoking by reducing cravings and other withdrawal effects
Term
Nicotine
Definition
acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells
Term
Nitrous oxide
Definition
produces exhilaration or anesthesia when inhaled
Term
Polacrilex (Nicorette)
Definition
added to gums and hard lozenges to aid quitting smoking
Term
Propranolol
Definition
treats high blood pressure
Term
Toulene
Definition
- basically paint thinner, highly flammable
Term
Varenicline (Chantix)
Definition
a prescription medication used to treat nicotine addiction
Term
How are opioids produced?
Definition
naturally (by certain plants like poppy) and synthetically (in a lab like oxycodone)
Term
What do all opioids affect?
Definition
the nervous system function by binding to opioid receptors
Term
Where are opioid receptors predominantly found?
Definition
on the pain sensing neurons
Term
What happens when opioid receptors are activated?
Definition
- neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release decrease
- this results in decreased neurotransmission and analgesia
Term
What are the most effective analgesic drugs available?
Definition
opioids
Term
Are opioids prescription or OTC?
Definition
prescription
Term
What does repeated opioid use result in?
Definition
dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal when usage is stopped
Term
What are NSAID's used for?
Definition
they are analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory
Term
Are NSAID's prescription or OTC?
Definition
OTC
Term
What are the two basic classes of NSAID's?
Definition
- general COX inhibitors
- selective COX-2 inhibitors
Term
Example(s) of general COX inhibitors?
Definition
- aspirin
- ibuprofen
Term
Example(s) of selective COX-2 inhibitors?
Definition
celecoxib
Term
What do anti-inflammatory steroids NOT used to treat?
Definition
analgesia
Term
What is Tylenol (acetaminophen) used for?
Definition
analgesic and antipyretic (and a little bit of anti-inflammatory activity)
Term
Analgesia/analgesic
Definition
the inability to feel pain (and the drugs that allow this)
Term
Anti-inflammatory
Definition
drugs that reduce swelling
Term
Anti-pyretic
Definition
drugs that reduce fever
Term
Cyclooxygenase (COX)
Definition
the enzyme that is targeted by anti-inflammatory drugs
Term
Nociceptor
Definition
a sensory receptor for painful stimuli
Term
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
Definition
analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory
Term
Opioid
Definition
drugs that affect the nervous system to relieve pain
Term
Pain transmission
Definition
pain is transmitted to other parts of the body
Term
Platelet aggregation
Definition
- clumping together of platelets in the blood
- part of the cause of blood clots
Term
Propionic acid derivative
Definition
used to make ibuprofen
Term
Prostaglandin
Definition
influence the contraction of the muscles lining many internal organs and can lower or raise blood pressure
Term
Salicylic acid derivative
Definition
an antiseptic and disinfectant especially in treating skin diseases
Term
Codeine
Definition
- opioid
- a sleep-inducing and analgesic drug derived from morphine
Term
Fentanyl
Definition
- opioid
- a fast-acting narcotic analgesic and sedative that is sometimes abused for its heroinlike effect
Term
Heroin
Definition
- opioid
- highly addictive analgesic drug derived from morphine, often used illicitly as a narcotic producing euphoria
Term
Methadone (Dolophine)
Definition
- opioid
- a synthetic analgesic drug that is similar to morphine in its effects but longer acting, used as a substitute drug in the treatment of morphine and heroin addiction
Term
Morphine
Definition
- opioid
- an analgesic and narcotic drug used to relieve pain
Term
Naloxone (Narcan)
Definition
- opioid
- a synthetic drug, similar to morphine, that blocks opiate receptors in the nervous system
Term
Oxycodone (OxyContin)
Definition
- opioid
- a synthetic analgesic drug that is similar to morphine in its effects and subject to abuse and addiction
Term
Capsaicin cream
Definition
- topical
- used to relieve muscle pain, joint pain, and nerve pain associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetic neuropathy
Term
Methyl salicylate (Ben-Gay)
Definition
- topic
- an analgesic heat rub used to temporarily relieve muscle and joint pain associated with arthritis, bruises, simple backaches, sprains and strains
Term
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
Definition
- NSAID
- a synthetic compound used medicinally to relieve mild or chronic pain and to reduce fever and inflammation
Term
Celecobix (Celebrex)
Definition
- NSAID
- works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body
Term
Ibuprofen (Advil)
Definition
- NSAID
- a synthetic compound used widely as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug
Term
Naproxen (Aleve)
Definition
- NSAID
- a synthetic compound used as an anti-inflammatory drug
Term
Hydrocortisone
Definition
- corticosteroids
- used to treat inflammation resulting from eczema and rheumatism
Term
Prednisone
Definition
- corticosteroids
- used to relieve rheumatic and allergic conditions and to treat leukemia
Term
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Definition
an analgesic drug used to treat headaches, arthritis, etc., and also to reduce fever, often as an alternative to aspirin
Term
What is the principle androgen hormone in the body and where is it synthesized in each gender?
Definition
testosterone and in the testes/ovaries(small amount)
Term
Where is synthesis of testosterone regulated?
Definition
in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-axis
Term
What does testosterone regulate?
Definition
- development of primary and secondary male sex characteristics
- bone growth
- production of lean muscle mass
Term
What are the two categorizations of testosterone's effects?
Definition
- androgenic
- anabolic
Term
What are anabolic steroids?
Definition
synthetic derivatives of testosterone
Term
How are anabolic steroids modified?
Definition
- to increase anabolic effects
- to decrease androgenic effects
Term
Why have anabolic steroids been replaced in relation to therapeutic use?
Definition
- there are more effective compounds with fewer adverse side effects
Term
What can long-term anabolic steroid use cause?
Definition
cardiovascular, hepatic, reproductive, cosmetic, and psychological side effects
Term
What are other potential growth/performance enhancers?
Definition
- steroid precursors (androstenedione and DHEA)
- human growth hormone (hGH)
- creatine
- erythropoietin
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face,
Term
Anabolic effects
Definition
- "building up"
- the accumulation of lean muscle mass
Term
Androgen
Definition
a male sex hormone (such as testosterone)
Term
Androgenic effects
Definition
- "man making"
- development of hallmarks of male maturity
Term
Dihydrotestosterone
Definition
a male sex hormone that is the active form of testosterone
Term
Estrogen
Definition
any of a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body.
Term
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Definition
signals the pituitary gland to release the gonadotropin hormones FSH and LH
Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body
Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
Term
Gonads
Definition
an organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary
Term
HPG axis
Definition
- hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
- refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity
Term
Performance-enhancing drugs
Definition
improve endurance and increase mean muscle mass
Term
Methandrostenolone (Dianabol)
Definition
- oral
- synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid
Term
Nandrolone (Deca-Durabolin)
Definition
- injectable
- an anabolic steroid with tissue-building properties
Term
Stanozolol (Winstrol)
Definition
- oral
- approved by FDA
- used in the treatment of hereditary angioedema, which causes episodes of swelling of the face, extremities, genitals, bowel wall, and throa
Term
Androstenedione
Definition
a naturally occurring steroid hormone, also available as a dietary supplement, believed to increase levels of serum testosterone
Term
Creatine
Definition
a compound formed in protein metabolism and present in much living tissue
Term
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Definition
leads to the production of androgens and estrogens
Term
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Definition
increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues
Term
Human growth hormone (hGH)
Definition
has been used especially by athletes to increase muscle mass
Term
L-arginine
Definition
stimulates the release of growth hormone, insulin, and other substances in the body
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