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Drugs Brains and Behavior
Exam 3
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
04/04/2012

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Cards

Term
Marijuana was introduced to the US in ____ mostly by _____.
Definition
the 1920s
immigrants
Term
The corruption of the US Narcotics Department began in the 1920s with...
Definition
the prohibiton of alcohol
Term
Harry Anslinger
Definition
first commissioner for the narcotic department
Term
Harry Anslinger was comissioner of the Narcotics Department for
Definition
30 years
Term
1937 Marijuana Tax Act
Definition
taxed all stages (growth, sales, use) and was associated with immediate reports of decrease in crime
Term
There was an upsurge of Marijuana use in the ____, but use peaked in the ____
Definition
1960s
1980s
Term
Marijuana is made up of about ____ different complex chemicals
Definition
400
Term
Most of the psychoactive effects caused by marijuana use are associated with
Definition
THC
Term
Marijuana has ____, and ____ properties and induces ____, ____, and _____ affects
Definition
stimulant, sedative
perceptual, cognitive, psychosocial
Term
Smoking marijuana vaporizes the THC, which enters the ___ through the ____
Definition
blood
lungs
Term
A rapid rise in plasma concntration means that marijuana's effects peak in _____.
Definition
ten minutes
Term
Marijuana has a half life of ____
Definition
ten to thirty hours
Term
Marijuana is detectable in urine/feces for ___
Definition
up to 30 days
Term
Other animals show a clear ____ and _____ tolerance to THC
Definition
pharmacodynamic
drug dispositional
Term
Experience marijuana users show high ____ tolerance, but also report more intense highs than beginning users.
Definition
behavioral
Term
There is no classic ____ associated with marijuana
Definition
withdrawal
Term
Symptoms of Human Abstinence Syndrome for Marijuana
Definition
restlessness
irritability
agitation
insomnia
dysphoria
Term
Dependence research on Marijuana in animals shows abstinence like symptoms such as...
Definition
wet dog shakes
facial rubbing
scratching
grooming
Term
The majority of research on marijuana use is done on ____
Definition
college males
Term
Marijuana users, unlike users of other drugs, must ____ and then _____
Definition
learn to use
label and recognize the effects as pleasant
Term
Acute behavioral effect of marijuana use (8)
Definition
euphoria
relaxation
impaired cog. function
short-term memory defecits
changes in speaking
decreased attention/viglance
amotivational syndrome
panic
Term
Research of the effect of long term use of marijuana are inadequate, though there are concerns about (4)
Definition
respiratory effects
immune system response suppression
reproductive system effects
fetal effects
Term
Correlation for heavy use of marijuana include (5)
Definition
heavy use by peers
poor academic performance
delinquent behaviors
problems with authority
low self-esteem
Term
Risk factors for marijuana use (6)
Definition
rebelliosness
dislike for authority
alienation
increased individual values, decreased achievement
early use of alcohol/tobacco
peer use
Term
Three physiological responses to marijuana
Definition
increased heart rate
decreased saliva flow
red eye
Term
LeDain report (1970s)
Definition
Canadian report that recommended legalized possession of marijuana
Term
In 1973 ____ decriminalized marijuana
Definition
Oregon
Term
President ____ called for federal decriminalization of marijuana
Definition
Carter
Term
During the ____ administration, legislative attitudes about marijuana became more negative, less tolerant.
Definition
Reagan
Term
Zero Tolerance laws from ____ meant that all drug offenders received jail time.
Definition
1988, Reagan administration
Term
Therapeutic Effects of THC (3)
Definition
pain relief
nausea relief
appetite stimulation
Term
Many of the negative side effects of marijuana use are due to a _____
Definition
harmful delivery system: smoking
Term
There is no evidence that marijuana is a _____ drug
Definition
gateway
Term
Most hallucinogen use centered around ____
Definition
mystical or religious experiences
Term
The four "stages" of a psychodelic trip are (not everyone reaches the last stage)
Definition
sensory effects
recollective
symbolic
integral
Term
Sensory Effect (hallucinogens) (4)
Definition
altered perception
altered sensation
altered mood
synesthesia
Term
Recollective stage of Hallucinogens
Definition
Depersonalization and ego disruption occurs, the user label the experience as good or bad.
Term
Symbolic Stage of hallucinogens
Definition
Effects can be overpowering/psychosis-producing, predominately legendary, mythical, tirualistic, and archetypal.
Term
Integral Stage of hallucinogens
Definition
involves confrontations with "God"
Term
Albert Hofmann
Definition
Invented LSD while trying to make a synthetic replica of the ergot mold
Term
Aldous Huxley
Definition
English writer, mescaline user
Term
Timothy Leary
Definition
studied consciousness at Harvard
Term
Ken Kesey
Definition
Merry Pranksters bus trip
Term
Indolamines (hallucinogens that effect serotonin) (5)
Definition
LSD
psilocybin
morning glory seeds
amanita muscara
DMT
Term
Chlorpromazine
Definition
an antangonist for 5-HT2A (most involved serotonin receptor for hallucinogens)
Term
catacholaminergics
Definition
mescaline (peyote)
Term
Catacholaminergics have a ______ with indolamines
Definition
cross-tolerance
Term
Anticholinergics (description and 2 types)
Definition
not used recreationally deu to their negative side effects (less visuals, more nausea)
pcp
ketamine
Term
Due to massive down regulation of serotonin receptors, indolamines develop ____ rapidly
Definition
tolerance
Term
There is ____ of physiological dependence on hallucinogens
Definition
no evidence
Term
Dependence on hallucinogens is uncommon because both ritualistic and recereational users show ______
Definition
self-limiting use
Term
Peyotism
Definition
The native american church of north america uses peyote in a highly contorlled setting for ritualistic/religious purposes
Term
In Nazi concentration camps, hallucinogens were used to ____ of prisoners
Definition
eliminatethe will
Term
How LSD got to America
Definition
The US govt wanted to use LSD as a weapon in the military so they sent this guy out to Switzerland to buy their entire "bank" of LSD (2oz). This was not enough so they commissioned theresearch of ELI Lily, who created a cheap easy recipe which was leaked to the public and spread.
Term
Eli Lily
Definition
created a cheap easy recipe for LSD that used no fungus and made mass production simple.
Term
LSD was tested as a ___, ___, and ___ by the CIA
Definition
truth serum
weapon
treatment for drug addiction
Term
As a truth drug, LSD was unsuccessful because...
Definition
people would give up private information, but the interviewers were unable to get the correct information out of them.
Term
Langley Farm in Kentucky
Definition
Army Chemical Core would "trip" people, and see what these people would do
Term
LSD had the fastest _____ of any drug class ever
Definition
evaluation
Term
LSD as a treatment for alcohol...findings
Definition
drinking decreased during treatment, relapse ratesw ere consistent with normal rehab, LSD use was no reported recreationally following treatment
Term
LSD as a treatment for terminal patients
Definition
helped with depression, acceptance of death, and provided some analgesia.
Term
LSD is used in general therapy to treat (3)
Definition
mood disorders
anziety
depression
Term
Cohen (1960) found that there are ______, immediate effects include ____, and there were no ____.
Definition
no medical or physiological problems
fear, panic, unmanageableness
long term effects
Term
____% of people will suffer symptoms of depression at some time
Definition
15-20
Term
Lifetime risks for major depression are ____ for women (___) than men (____)
Definition
higher
5-9%
3-4%
Term
The monoamine theory arose from early observations of ______ treatment of hypertension
Definition
resperine
Term
Too little ____ leads to depression
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
MAO-Is as depression treatment
Definition
2 week lag followed by down reg of receptors and up reg of 2nd messengers
Term
Side effects of MAO-I use are severe (6)
Definition
increased blood pressure
sleep disturbances
overeating
weight gain
danger of OTC mixing
toxiticity from cheese, meat, pickles, etc.
Term
Tricyclic anti-depressants block reuptake of ___ and ___
Definition
norepinephrine
serotonin
Term
Tricyclic antidepressant have a lag of ___
Definition
2-4 weeks
Term
SSRIs (second gen drugs)
Definition
block reuptake at serotonin and norepinephrine transporter proteins, safer than tricyclics
Term
Drug treatments for major depression (5)
Definition
MAO-I
Tricyclic Anti-depressant
SSRI
Dual NE/5-HT modulators
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Term
Becasue there are _______ involved, there is no simple mechanism for treating depression
Definition
multiple neurotransmitters
Term
Antidepressant are effective ____ of the time
Definition
50%
Term
Clinical limitations of antidepressants (4)
Definition
efficacy is low
side effects are serious/toxic
personal and social disruptions
long-term maintenance issues
Term
Three Animal Models of Depression
Definition
resperine-induces sedation
behavioral despair
maternal seperation
Term
The depression involved in Bipolar Disorder is _____ major or reactive depression
Definition
different
Term
___ is the treatment of choice for Bipolar Depression
Definition
Lithium
Term
Lithium is... (2)
Definition
toxic, so blood must be monitered regularly
clinically effective
Term
Endocannabinoids
Definition
stimulate CB1 and CB2, manufactured on demand, retrograde messenger
Term
How endocannabinoids work (???)
Definition
3 cells are involved. When cell 1 releases Ca2+, endocannabinoids are released by cell 2 as a response. These ednos then attach to the endfoot of cell 3 (GABA), causing G protein to be stimulated, inhibiting Ca2+ channels. After initial, future GABA release is inhibited, so there is less Ca2+ to trigger exocytosis.
Term
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis
Definition
explanation of how stress is involved with depression
Term
The lag period for anti-depressants exists because at first two of the drugs effects...
Definition
act against one another, canceling eachother out.
Term
The lag period for anti-depressants comes to an end after two to four weeks becasue...
Definition
tolerance is developed to one of the two effects.
Term
MAO-I is an ____ for MAO
Definition
antagonist
Term
^MAO=_____
MAO-I= ____ MAO
____ MAO = bad reuptake = ^_____
Definition
good reuptake
less
less
neurotransmitter
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