yeast eat the sugar molecules from fruit or roasted grains

(Sugar) + yeast→→→ 2 (Ethyl alcohol) + 2 (Carbon dioxide)

(C6H12O6) + yeast →→→ 2 (C2H5OH) + 2 (CO2)

chemicals (besides ethanol) contained in fermented beverages that contribute to the distinctive taste and aroma of different alcoholic beverages and can also cause an allergic reaction for some individuals which increases the severity of their hangovers

Examples: hops in beer and tannis in wine

Fermentation products are__________ (the alcohol content and flavor are concentrated)

 old method for describing the amount of alcohol in a beverage

1 proof equals 1/2% or 1% = 2 proof

1 proof equals_____% alcohol

or

1% alcohol equals_____proof

 1 proof equals 1/2%

or

1% = 2 proof

Example:  a bottle labeled 80 proof would contain a beverage that is 40% ethanol

Prohibition

ratified in 1920

implemented 18th Amendment

manufacture and sale of any alcoholic beverage over 0.5% prohibited

When was Prohibition repealed?

(year)

Ethyl Alcohol

         ↓        ← alcohol dehydrogenase

Acetaldehyde

         ↓        ← drug Antabuse stops process here

Acetic Acid

         ↓    

Carbon dioxide, water and energy

Effects and Health Consequences of Alcohol

Low-dose Episodes

1. Gastric juices stimulated

2. Blood vessel of skin dilated

3. Relaxation and disinhibition

4. Increased sexual desire 

Effects and Health Consequences of Alcohol

High-dose Episode

1. Muscular coordination is impaired

2. Slurred speech

3. Loss of emotional control

4. Impaired sexual performance

5. Alcohol poisoning (overdose)

vomiting, unconsciousness, coma, death.

BAC of 0.4 is the threshold for alcohol poisoning

Brain atrophy, memory loss and dementias

Malnutrition if alcoholic receives all calories fromalcohol which lacks vitamins, minerals, or protein

Growth retardation

CNS abnormalities

Structural abnormalities of the head and face

Delayed intellectual development

1. Indole psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin)

2. Phenylalkylamines (mescaline, "ecstasy")

3. Others (Ketamine, PCP, etc.)

4. Cannabinols

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

LSD-25 

LSD

__________ was the first to synthesize this synthetic form of an ___ fungus toxin. He discovered its hallucinogenic properties in ____ by accident.

 Crystalline LSD is dissolved in ___ and drops are put on blotter paper, ___, ___, and microdots.

Each drop usually contains __ to __ μg (micrograms or mics)

 Crystalline LSD is dissolved in alcohol and drops are put on blotter paper, pills, powders, and microdots

Each drop usually contains 10 to 50 μg (micrograms or mics)

Effects of LSD are ___ dependent - lower doses (30-50 micrograms) act more as a ___ with mild ___ (laughter and giddiness). 

Larger doses of ___-300 micrograms produce true _______.

Effects of LSD are dose dependent - lower doses (30-50 micrograms) act more as a stimulant with mild euphoria (laughter and giddiness). 

Larger doses of 150-300 micrograms produce true hallucinations.

Sensory distortion including synesthesia (mixing of the senses) 

Dreaminess, depersonalization

Difficulty in expressing oneself

Loss of judgment; diminishment of self-preservation instincts 

 a long-acting psychedelic in high doses and a stimulant in low doses produced by the African Tabernanthe iboga shrub

 used in western and central Africa

class of hallucinogens that is chemically related to adrenalin and amphetamines, and their effects take longer to appear then LSD or other indole psychedelics

Examples: Mesaline, MDMA, 2c-B

Effects last twelve hours and are like LSD - Very colorful visions and hallucinations are common.

Each use is accompanied by severe vomiting.

 classes of synthetic drugs that are variants of the amphetamine molecule that produce feelings of well-being, euphoria and stimulatory effects.

Examples: MDA, MDMA, 2c-B, 2c-T-7, 2c-T-2, etc.

Dosages of MDMA in a tablet or capsule range from __ to ___ mg ($10 to $__, but higher during shortages). 

The DEA reported that 30 to __% of tablets sold at rave parties don’t contain any MDMA.

Dosages of MDMA in a tablet or capsule range from 75 to 125 mg ($10 to $40, but higher during shortages). 

The DEA reported that 30 to 50% of tablets sold at rave parties don’t contain any MDMA.

• increased heart rate and respiration

• sweating

• hyperactivity

• bruxism (clenching of the teeth)

Higher doses increase the physical effects.

As users of MDMA become tolerant to the ___ effects they begin taking higher doses.

High doses lead to more serious problems: malignant ___, water ___, ___ activity.

As users of MDMA become tolerant to the mood effects they begin taking higher doses.

High doses lead to more serious problems: malignant hyperthermia, water toxicity, seizure activity.

• feelings of happiness and heightened self-esteem
• increased empathy and self-awareness 
• mild sensory distortions (but no illusions or hallucinations)

Effects last 3 to 4 hours

MDMA binds to the ___ terminals of ___ neurons and causes a massive release of ___ into synapses.

After a single dose users report feelings of ____ and ____ the next day. After repeated high doses it can take over ______ to restore ____ levels to normal.

MDMA binds to the axon terminals of serotonergic neurons and causes a massive release of serotonin into synapses.

After a single dose users report feelings of depression and confusion the next day. After repeated high doses it can take over a week to restore serotonin levels to normal.

PCP

a psycoactive substance that was used as a human and veterinary anesthetic (like ketamine), but was discontinued due to toxic side effects

PCP is now illegal and only manufactured in street labs

sensory deprivation and mind body seperation as well as possible paranoid delusions and combative behavior

How many different chemicals have been identified in cannabis plants?

How many of these have psychoactive effects?

∆9 tetrahydrocannabinol

the most potent psycoactive chemical in the cannabis plant

Cannabinoid 1

specific receptors that bind THC that were discovered in the brain in 1992

Cannabinoid 2

Cannabinoid receptors located outside of the brain in the immune system

1. Hippocampus – regulates short-term memory

2. Amygdala – activated by novel or new objects or situations

3. Hypothalamus – regulates the sensory appeal of food

What are the two cannabis species?

Which is the most common?

Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica

Cannabis sativa