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Drugs and Behavior Exam 2
N/A
60
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/21/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the three types of alcohol? What are some specific examples?
Definition
  1. Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol), methanol (wood alcohol), and ethyl alcohol (drink)

Beer, tequila, whiskey, wine, etc.

Term
What are the bodily effects of alcohol?
Definition
  • Dilation of capillaries (flushed skin)
  • Sensation of warmth
  • Inhibits antidiuretic hormone/increases urination and water loss
Term
What are the behavioral effects of alcohol?
Definition
  • While BAC is rising, feelings of euphoria and elation
  • At high levels when BAC is falling, feelings of depression, anger, aggression and sedation
  • Decrease in vision (lower acuity and peripheral)
  • Decreased sensitiviey to taste, smell, and pain.
  • Slower reaction time and accuracy
  • Detrimental to memory, attention, and information retrieval
  • Blackouts
  • Driving issues
  • Lack of behavioral inhibition - cares less about risk and social norms - want short term gratification
Term
What are the effects of chronic consumption?
Definition
  1. Liver damage- cirrhosis
  2. Nervous system- loss of memory skills, increased risk of excitotoxicity
  3. Mouth, throat, colon, and liver cancer
  4. Decreased sex drive in males and adverse fetus effects
  5. Heart disease
Term
Can alcohol be lethal?
Definition
  • Yes, too much causes death (in the respiratory center)
  • Overdose when used with drugs
  • Indirectly by things such as driving deaths and making other stupid decisions
Term
How is alcohol absorbed?
Definition
Alcohol cannot be ionized, so it can pass through the stomach, intestines, or colon. It is mostly taken in in the small intestine.
Term
How does drinking on an empty stomach get your drunker faster?
Definition
There are high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in the stomach. If there is food in there and it sits there for a while, more will be broken down before entering the blood stream.
Term
How is alchol distributed?
Definition
Alcohol dissolves faster in water than in fat, so it is distributed mostly in body water. This is why fat people have a lower tolerance, because they have less body water and more fat, so the alcohol is more concentrated.
Term
How is alcohol eliminated?
Definition
  • In breath, sweat, tears, urine, and feces, but 98% is metabolized in the liver and eliminated by the kidneys, lungs, or through skin. 
  • Alcohol --> acetyaldehyde (rate limiting) --> acetyl coenzyme A
Term
What is BAC?
Definition

Blood alcohol content

 

.1% means there are 0.1g of alcohol to every 1L of blood

Term
How does alcohol affect GABAa?
Definition
It is a positive allosteric modulator, increasing the affinity and efficacy of the channel to open up and let Cl in, hyperpolarizing the cell.
Term
How does alcohol affect glutamate transmission?
Definition
It binds to NMDA receptors and suppress their activity further.
Term
How does alcohol affect dopamine?
Definition
It increases dopamine release in the mesolimbic dopamine system (more DA to the NA)
Term
Which gene is associated with alcoholism?
Definition
DRD2 and maybe ANKK1 (neighboring gene)
Term
What is AA?
Definition
A group that relies on spirituality, interrelationships, and personal accountability to help members improve. Have their 12 steps and traditions to improvement.
Term
What are the four approved drugs of alcohol withdrawal treatment?
Definition
  1. Antabuse/Disulfiram: blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase leaving more aldehyde- this makes people feel sick, so they will only have to drink a little to feel sick, promoting less drinking
  2. Acamprosate: suppresses hyperactive glutamate after drinking activity which reduce the aversiveness of withdrawal
  3. Naltrexone: an opioid receptor antagonist that reduces the "high" of alcohol along with the craving.
Term
What are some specific barbituates?
Definition
  • Phenobarbitual (luminol)
  • Butalbital (Fioricet)
Term
What are four benzodiazepine examples?
Definition
  1. Alprazolam (xanax)
  2. Diazepam (valium)
  3. Triazolam (hacion)
  4. Temazepam (bestoril)
Term
What are Z-drugs? What are two examples?
Definition

They are the same as benzodiazepines but do not mess with sleep architecture (sleep cycles)

 

  1. Zolpidem (ambien)
  2. Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
Term
What are the bodily effects of anxiolytics/sedative hypnotics?
Definition
  • Muscle relaxant
  • Sedation
  • Anticonvulsive
  • Increased appetite/weight gain
Term
What are the behavioral effects of anxiolytics/sedative hypnotics?
Definition
  • Reduce anxiety
  • Can improve performance in individuals with high anxiety
  • Deficits in visual and auditory functioning
  • Memory impairments
Term
Can anxiolytics/sedative hypnotics be lethal?
Definition
  • Barbiturates can be- OD can lead to respiratory failure
  • Benzodiazepnies are seldom fatal
Term
What is the anxiolytics/sedative hypnotics mechanism of action?
Definition
There is a binding site specifically for them on GABAa receptors. They are positive allosteric modulators, they increase the likelihood of GABA binding.
Term
How do anxiolytics/sedative hypnotics affect dopamine levels?
Definition
They inhibit cells from inhibiting the release of dopamine on the VTA (indirectly increases dopamine)
Term
Can physical dependence occur with anxiolytics/sedative hypnotics?
Definition

Yes, it is possible. 

 

"Mother's Little Helper" - perscribed to stay at home mothers back in the day

 

But they are often used with other drugs of abuse

Term
Is lethality common with anxiolytics/sedative hypnotics?
Definition
Yes, causes more deaths per year than heroin, meth, and cocaine
Term
What are the short term withdrawal effects of benzodiazepines?
Definition

Cramps, tremors, and convlusions.

 

These are short lived by extremely intense.

Term
What are the low-dose long term effects of benzodiazepines?
Definition
  • Anxiety
  • Panic
  • Irregular heartbeat

These are less intense, but cyclical and long lasting

Term
How can you avoid withdrawal effects from benzodiazepines?
Definition
Gradual dose reductions
Term
What are some possible negative effects of Z-drugs?
Definition
Next day effects that include memory loss, sleep "activities," and motor function issues
Term
What are the three major examples of psychomotor stimulants?
Definition
  1. Cocaine: extracted from coca and was orginally chewed; crack is what you smoke
  2. Amphetamines: They are synthetic and used to treat narcolepsy and ADHD (adderall); can be turned into meth
  3. Mehtylphendate: a snthetic drug similar to coaine; used for ADHD (ritalin)
Term
What are the bodily effects of psychomotor stimulants in low doses?
Definition
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Less sleep
  • Less fatigue
Term
What are the behavioral effects of psychomotor stimulants in low doses?
Definition
  • Increased motor stimulation
  • Increased alertness/vigilance
  • Improved mood and anxiety
  • Increased performance
Term
What are the behavioral effects of psychomotor stimulants in high doses?
Definition
  • Intense feelings of euphoria followed by mild depression
  • Increased stereotyped behavior
  • MA psychosis (paranoid schizophrenia)
Term
Can psychomotor stimulants be harmful? Can they be lethal?
Definition

Yes, chronic consumption can produce:

  • neurotoxicity
  • Stroke
  • MA psychosis
  • Depression
  • Criminial behavior

They can cause cardiovascular death/heart failure

Term
What is the mechanism of action for cocaine?
Definition
It blocks the dopamine reuptake inhibitor so it cannot get back in
Term
What is the mechanism of action for amphetamines?
Definition
They cause VMATs to release dopamine out of vesicles into the cytoplasm, and then reverse the flow of the reuptake pump
Term
How do psychomotor stimulants affect the mesolimbic dopamine system?
Definition
They are powerful and primary reinforcers because they increase dopmaine levels so much. They create feelings of euphoria and well-being. Plus, increased doses create increased liking.
Term
What are acute tolerance effects of psychomotor stimulants?
Definition
The mood enhancing effects of cocaine are subject to acute tolerance, but this disapates rapidly.
Term
What sensitization effects are seen with psychomotor stimulants?
Definition
There are stereotyped behaviors and psychotic behaviors that appear more frequently with repeated doses.
Term
What type of depression effects are there with psychomotor stimulants?
Definition
Depression and lethargy
Term
What are the two current topics we covered with psychomotor stimulants?
Definition
  1. Use in schools by kids who don't need them
  2. Bath salts- hallucinations and violence
Term
What are the three methylxanthine examples we know?
Definition
  1. Caffeine
  2. Theophylline (ued to treat asthma)
  3. Theobromine (what is bad for dogs)

Coffee, tea, cocoa (from cacao)

Term
What are the bodilly effects of methylxanthines?
Definition
  • Delay sleep onset and/or decreases overall sleep
  • Increase urination
  • Headache relief/onset
Term
What are the behavioral effects of methylxanthines?
Definition
  • Increase feelings of alertness, confidence, and motivation for work
  • Improves attention and speeds reaction times
  • May improve mood and make tasks seem easier
Term
Can methylxanthines be harmful or lethal?
Definition
They can...
  • increase anxiety or jitteriness
  • Can cause panic attacks
  • Accelerates bone loss in postmenopausal women

Can be lethal but in stupidly high doses (30-80 cups of coffee) can lead to convulsions and death

Term
What is the mechanism of action for methylxanthines?
Definition
They block A1 and A2a adenosine receptors, making out body think there is less adenosine in our system
Term
How does adenosine work?
Definition
When there are low adenosine levels in our body, our brain interprets that to be alert and wakeful. When there are high levels, we feel sleepy and tired.
Term
How are nicotine and tobacco relate?
Definition
Nicotine is the drug while tobacco is the plant where it comes from
Term
What are some specific examples of ways nicotine can be administered?
Definition
  • Cigarettes, pipes, chew, cigars
  • The patch
  • Gum
  • E-cigarettes
  • Lozenges
  • Hookah
Term
What are the bodily effects of nicotine?
Definition
  • Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  • Stimulates activity in the bowel
  • Stimulates vomiting center
Term
What are the behavioral effects of nicotine?
Definition
  • Perceived as pleasurable
  • May increase attention and accuracy on some tasks
Term
What are the harmful effects of nicotine?
Definition
  • Heart disease
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis and emphazema)
  • Cancer
Term
Can nicotine be lethal?
Definition
  • Death due to OD would have to come from an administration of pure nicotine
  • With long-term exposure it clearly is (cancer and what not)
Term
What is the difference between mainstream, sidestream, and third hand smoke?
Definition
  • Mainstream: what the smoker exhales
  • Sidestream: what comes from the burning cig (more dangerous)
  • Third hand: toxins that are left in the air after the smoker is finished smoking
Term
What type of ACh receptors does nicotine activate? What do they do?
Definition

Nicotinic

 

They are ionotropic receptors, and binding of nicotine causes them to open (only need 1, but can have 2)

Term
What does long-term exposure of nicotine do to receptors?
Definition
It desensitizes them so that ACh can bind to them but they will still remain closed
Term
How does nicotine affect the mesolimbic pathway?
Definition
It indirectly causes VTA to release DA to the NA by binding to the nicotinic receptors in the VTA causing increased firing probability
Term
What are the withdrawal effects of nicotine?
Definition
  • Increased eating and weight gain
  • Inability to concentrate
  • Increased awakenings from sleep
  • Craving
  • Mood changes: anxiety, anger, aggresion, depression, irritability
  • Decreased working memory
Term
What is the genetic contribution that is linked with nicotine addiction?
Definition
Nicotine is broken down by CYP2A6- individuals with higher rates of addiction have decreased activity of the CYP2A6 enzyme are less likely to become addicted
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