methamphetamine 

amphetamine 

drug of abuse 

a drug that reduces appetite, sometimes used for weight loss

 cocaine use can decrease hunger 

less hunger means less eating, which can lead to an eating disorder 

non amphetamine behavioral stimulant 

serotonin , norepinephrine, and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (blocks presynaptic transporter proteins) 

used initally for antiobesity 

side effects: weight loss, increased heart rate 

Due to cardiovascular complications, it was removed from the market in the UK and Europe 

non amphetamine behavioral stimulant

releases body epinephrine to raise blood pressure 

IV use in anesthesiology to increase blood pressure

mostly used in herbal medicine  

can increase energy and weight loss 

Toxic and fatal with use of stimulants (caffeine) 

Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase 

breaks down catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine

amphetamine stimulant used to treat ADHD 

Mixed amphetamine salts

Immediate release

duration of 8 hours 

decongestant nonamphetamine behavioral stimulant

also used to increase blood pressure 

introduced to Europe 

one species of cultivated coca

leaved used for religious, mystical, social, medicinal purposes

active alkaloid in this was isolated, purified and named cocaine 

the form that cocaine is extracted from the E. coca leaves in

contains 60-80% cocaine

it is treated with hydrochloric acid to form less potent, and water soluble cocaine hydrochlorie  

cocaine made by boiling Cocaine HCl, then extracting it using ether 

has no HCl 

approved for the treatement of child and adult ADHD 

SNRI (selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) 

possibly more effective than stimulant medication for treatment-naive patients

major metabolite of cocaine 

inactive compound 

can be detected in urine for 48 hours and up to 2 weeks in chronic users 

Detection of BE in urine is the primary way of drug testing 

can be identified in hair for a much longer amt of time

ehtyl ester of benzoylecgonine produced by liver enzymes that metabolize alcohol and cocaine 

blocks dopamine reuptake transporter (greater euphoric effect of cocaine) 

increases severity of withdrawal and risk of dual dependence 

more toxic than cocaine 

blocked by cocaine 

cocaine blocks presynapctic transporter for dopamine 

blockage of this transporter accounts for behavioral reinforcement and psychostimulant properties 

an effect of chronic use of cocaine 

the drug user experiences tactile hallucinations, as they feel that they have bugs crawling under their skin. The sensation causes them to itch. 

non amphetamine behavioral stimulant 

used in the treatment of ADHD 

blocks presynaptic dopamine transporter (like cocaine) 

IV administration leads to rush 

oral dosage leads to slow uptake

amphetamine-like compound

used for treatment of obesity 

amphetamine used for treatment of ADHD 

a molecule of dextroamphetamine is bonded to L-lysine, creating a prodrug 

reduced diversion when it is crushed 

d-isomer of Ritalin 

dexmethylhenidate 

has twice the potency of Ritalin, so the dose is one-half the dose of Ritalin 

used to treat ADHD 

extended-release formulations  

Concerta only one dose a day is needed and equal efficacy to Ritalin 

Beaded double-pulse products 

terms for psychedelic drugs

help get in touch with God 

terms for psychedelic drugs

help understand emotionally better

ACh blocker lowers amount of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft 

sometimes found in travel-sickness products

Side effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, increased heart rate

Effects: sedation, cognitive impairments, amnesia 

found in atropa belladonna, datura stramonium, mandragora officinarum

ACh mimic 

found in Amanita muscarii mushroom grown in Northern Hemisphere; nobles in tribes ate these, then serfs would drink their urine because the drug is excreted unchanged 

fly agaric

Amanita muscarii used to kill flies 

put it in saucer with sugar water 

flies attracted to sugar, and overdose on muscamol

Designer psychedelic 

Schedule I substance (high abuse, no therapeutic usefulness) 

Rapid onset and short duration (3-6 hrs.) 

causes acute confusional state for several hours 

bind to acetylcholine receptors but don't activate them 

examples include scopolamine, atropine, hyscyamine 

muscarine, ibotenic acid, muscimol 

bind to acetylcholine receptors and activate them 

term for psychedlic drug 

reported perception of stimulus that differs from the normal response 

insecticide 

doesn't produce hallucinations when awake but during dreaming 

not often abused because of the unpleasantness of dream experience 

natural plant drug that will kill you at high doses

grows in the Calibar region of Nigeria 

used to test whether people were lying or were innocent 

poisonous

people that were lying knew they were guilty would consume it slow and kill themselves, but innocent would save their lives by eating it quick and throwing up to get rid of the toxins 

used as nerve gases in warfare

the Syrian gov't has been caught using sarin gases in warfare after being warned by Obama 

used in the Tokyo subway attacks as poison 

means "deadly beautiful lady" 

known as deadly nightshade

used by women to dilate their pupils because they would appear more beautiful

consumption kills, but you could put it in eyes to dilate pupils 

scopolamine derived from this plant 

dangerous 

Shivas would offer the drug to others, but did not smoke it themselves 

British were intoxicated with datura, Virginia Colony Bacon's Rebellion 

DMT 

(dimethyltryptamine) 

serotonin-like psychedelic 

short acting, naturally occuring

easily synthesized

produces LSD-like effects 

partial agonist at serotonin 5-HT2 receptors

often smoked/snorted in a marijuana cigarette

businessman's LSD when smoked (30-minute) 

a mushroom grown in the Northern Hemisphere

bright red cap with white spots 

tribal people in Scandinavia consumed it at parties, serfs drank urine because its muscarine drug is excreted unchanged 

also used for fly control (muscimol) 

catecholamine-like psychedelics 

natural not synthetic

Native American Church use the plant for religious ceremonies w/o government interference

structurally similar to norepinephrine 

produces acute psychotomimetic stage 

visual hallucinations (shapes, animals), anxiety, tremors

DOM/STP 

catecholamine-like derivative

synthetic amphetamine derivative 

more potent than mescaline, but less potent than LSD

associated with high incidence of overdose 

toxic reactions (tremors that lead to convulsions) 

effects similar to those of mescaline, euphoria + hallucinations 

designer psychedelic

structural variation of amphetamine 

effects resemble those of LSD and mescaline

Side effects are similar to those of MDMA 

the source of LSD 

natural product derived from fungus that infests cereal plants 

used as a drug after childbirth to stop bleeding in the uterus by inducing contractions 

pharmacologically active ingredients in nutmeg and mace 

ingestion of large amounts induce feelings of unreality, confusion, disorientation, visual hallucinations 

side effects: vomiting, nausea, tremors 

Phencyclidine and ketamine

cause thought disorders similar to those of schizophrenia 

block open channel by occupying a site within the channel in the receptor protein OR by binding to a second site on the outside of receptor protein 

serotonin-like psychedelics

potent serotonin agonist, high affinity for serotonin2A receptor 

half life of 2 hours

obtained from the seeds of Peganum harmala a plant native to the Middle East 

MOA-A inhibitor 

found in ayahuasca

effects: visual distortions (LSD) nausea, vomiting, sedation, sleep 

psychedelic anesthesic 

do not involve actions on serotonin, acetylcholine, or dopamine neurons

well-absorbed orally or smoked

NMDA receptor antagonists 

unresponsive state with intense analgesia and amnesia 

psychotic state (withdrawn, autistic, negativisitc) 

psychedelic anesthetic 

NMDA receptor antagonist 

cause thought-disorder similar to that of schizophrenia less bothersome side effects than PCP 

analgesic common ingredient in cough suppressants 

high abuse because of availability 

NMDA receptor blockade 

effects: tachycardia, hypertension, sleepiness, agitation, slurred speech, hallucinations

serotonin-like psychedelic 

absorbed in 60 minutes

peak blood levels in 3 hours 

crosses BBB and placental barrier

duration of 6-8 hours

physiological effects: blood pressure higher, drowsiness, pupil dilation, high body temperature 

psychological effects: altered perception, thinking, emotion, distorted time 

scopolamine comes from this plant

mythology- if you harvest it, the man will screa, and will drive the harvester insane (interesting connection on the drug's effects) 

can increase sexual arousal/performance (Rachel/Leah in the Bible)

ACh blocker 

lowers amount of acetylcholine NT

plant that grows in Colombia 

no credible evidence that it is used in the US

used as a daterape drug or to steal money/belongings

travel advisory do not take drinks/food from strangers

It is a myth that you lose your will when intoxicated!

popular at rave concerts

causes dangerous spikes in temperature that destroy serotonin presynaptic receptors and causes spontaneous breakdown of muscle tissue 

could cause lasting brain damage 

produces persistent psychiatric effects like MDD that endure even after the drug is no longer in the system

psychoactive beverage (tea)  that is used by Amazon Indians in South America for religious, medicinal, and spiritual 

contains harmine and DMT 

can bring disorientation, paranoia, and anxiety

potent hallucinogen 

agonist at serotonin 5-HT2A and 1A receptors 

similar to the effects produced by LSD 

found in mushrooms (Psilocybe) , active ingredient in the mushrooms 

antagonized by PCP and ketamine psychedelics/anesthetics 

antagonize by binding to the outside of the receptor complex and by occupying a site within the channel of the receptor 

post-synaptic calcium influx

long-term potentiation 

the enzyme that metabolizes 95 percent of alcohol ingested by a person

converts alcohol to acetaldehyde 

enzymes that convert acetaldehyde to acetic acid 

irreversibly inhibited by disulfiram 

metabolism of alcohol 

a series of organic compounds with OH 

recreational, not therapeutic drug 

second most widely used psychoactive substane 

agonist 

increase ethanol's effects 

positive reinforcing effects of the drug 

irreversibly inhibits the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase in the metabolism of ethyl alcohol  

used to treat alcohol dependence 

used for the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal by increasing GABA activity 

long-acting drugs are preferred (benzos with long-acting active metabolites) 

because alcohol has short duration of action and is dangerous to withdraw from, substitution with a long acting drug prevents withdrawal symptoms 

can be separated from aqueous solutions by adding salt

organic compound w/ OH attached 

organic compound with OH attached

also known as wood alcohol 

burns with oxygen 

simplest alcohol 

drinking alcohol

organic compound with OH attached

produces a state of intoxication when consumed

alcohol 

dry states given federal support 

wet states cannot ship liquor to neighboring dry states

was effective in that its intention was to decrease domestic violence, and there was a dramatic decline in abuse/domestic violence when illegal

Problems: never had full support (like from Catholics who used wine and thought alcohol as a gift from God)

organized crime success (more $ from it being illegal) 

no $ from taxing liquor 

prohibit intoxicating drinks

regulate the selling/manufacturing/trade of alcohol 

secure a good supply of alcohol 

banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol

preceded by the Volstead Act 

drink laced with chloral hydrate to incapacitate them (date-rape drug) 

Mickey Finn bartender put it in drinks in Chicago bar to steal from his customers

given federal support if they were dry according to the Webb-Kenyon Act 

individual states passed laws against alcohol 

emphasized responsibility and character

just because you're poor doesn't mean you can't be respectable 

domestic abuse

have less coronary disease despite high consumption of fats

consumption of wine (alcohol) could account for cardiovascular health/benefits

agonized by ethyl alcohol 

results in an increase in chloride ion flows that leads to neuronal inhibition (sedation, muscle relaxation, inhibition of cognitive and motor skills) 

short-acting ethyl alcohol antagonist 

blocks the effects of alcohol 

carried out by yeast to create beers, wines, cider, and mead 

ethanol plus carbon dioxide 

take the fermented beverage, heat it, alcohol vaporizes with some water and then you collect it in a copper tubing and it drips out as a liquid 

creates for more alcohol and less water (more alcohol content) 

alcohol plus distilled beverage

wine coolers, sherry

include gin, vodka, liqueurs

pure alcohol + add something to make it better to swallow 

twice the percent of alcohol 

100% proof that at least 50% alcohol or higher when burned with gunpowder 

used by sailors

80= 40%

woodcut by English painter and engraver William Hogarth

shows deplorable conditions implied to be the result of gin consumption

church in disrepair, wheelbarrow, mother dropping baby

another painting by William Hogarth

education/books

gender affection

functioning business

shows a much more pleasant view of beer in comparison to gin (Gin Lane) 

the man to first describe the process of distillation of alcohol 

Dominican scholar 

percentage by voume rather than by weight 

50 mL is alcohol then 100 proof

cheap and available to many 

rapid selling by 1734 13,500,000

despite attempts to regulate its consumption and manufacture, rapid increase 

George Washington taxation on using grain to make alcoholic beverages (whiskey tax)

farmers rebelled (taxation without representation)  

trade between Africa, colonies, and Britain 

rum being traded and given to Americans 

came up with the British proof system 

percentage by weight

Weigh beverage and then weigh alcoholic content 

metabolize a certain amount of a drug per hour, independent of the blood level of the drug 

found in all females, but only in 20% of men 

gas inhalant 

anasthetic 

induces a state of light general anesthesia 

used possibly for vasodilation and as muscle relaxant 

found in aerosol whipped cream canisters

used primarily by adults as sexual ehancers 

they produce vasodilatation and a "flush" with reduced blood pressure (increase sexual satisfaction)

includes: butyl, cyclohexyl, propyl and amyl 

petroleum distillates 

include: gasoline, paint thinners, toulene, butane, propane

and solvents: acetone, benzene, correction fluid, markers

category= volatile liquids instead of gases

cooking spray, stain protectors, paint (spray paint) 

category=volatile liquids not gases 

amyl nitrite 

originally sold in small glass ampoules that were crushed to release their vapors, and received the name "poppers" and "snappers" as a result of the popping sound made by crushing the ampoule

butyl nitrite 

originally sold in small glass ampoules that were crushed to release their vapors, and received the name "poppers" and "snappers" as a result of the popping sound made by crushing the ampoule

volatile liquid 

inhalant

serotonin like psychedelic

DMT

powdered pipe put powder in pipe and blow painful 

when it is roasted, bufotenine is converted to DMT 

snuff, smoke, inject 

heavenly blue morning glory

contains lysergic acid amide 

take seeds brew in tea experince high and sickness

1/10 as potent as LSD

found in oloquilui

fresh leaves contain 4% caffeine

small tree trimmed when cultivated for its leaves for tea

native to East, South, and Southeast Asia 

Chinese tea shrub plant 

small evergreen tree found in the tropical region of  America

seeds are used to make cacao powder and chocolate

most active constituent is theobromine a metabolite of caffeine

Ilex paraguayensis (South American plant) , Ilex vomitoria (caffeine + other vomit inducing) 

big cities with migrants from paraguay-will sell you Ilex especially in the US 

metabolite of caffeine but does not behave similarly to caffeine

found in chocolate 

blocked by caffeine 

activation exert sedative actions, blockage promotes wakefulness 

antidepressant

delays smoking relapse and results in less weight gain 

works for non-depressed smokers as well

made from tobacco leaves 

smokeless tobacco

inhaled through the nose 

absorbed through the mucous membrane

the major psychoactive ingredient of the mairjuana plant

responsible for the side effects, the pleasurable effects, and the therapeutic effects with smoking marijuana 

produce disruption in attention, impair short-term memory , altered sensory awareness, altered control of movement 

binds to cannoabinoid receptors in the brain and peripheral nervous system

mimics the actions of anandamde 

receptors 1 and 2 (1 in the brain, 2 in the PNS) 

receptor 1- inhibit calcium ion influx 

activation of these receptors inhibits the release of other neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve terminals  (especially glutamate by THC) 

tremendous amount of these receptors in the brain 

an endogenous cannabinoid mimicked by THC 

binds to the cannabinoid receptor and produces cannabinoidlike pharmacological effects 

produces behavioral, hypothermic, and analgesic effects 

weaker agonist (partial agonist) than THC unable to fully activate cannabinoid receptors 

resin 

contains 10-20% THC 

cannabis product

highest concentrations of THC in this product 

dried material found on tops of female plants (cannabis sativa) 

contains 5-8% THC 

BCBud has up to 15% THC 

2-5% THC (lower concentrations)

taken from the dried remainder of cannabis sativa 

mild sedative-hypnotic 

most widely used illicit drug in the US and western hemisphere 

cannabinoid antagonist (THC stimulates appetite, an antagonist could inhibit reward that stimulate appetite) 

used for therapy of obesity with low-calorie diet 

promoted weight loss 

side effects: depression, anxiety, nausea

removed from the market 

strongest effect is from this type of THC 

this happens to THC when it is heated (smoked, vaporized, baked) 

makes the drug psychoactive 

term for varieties of cannabis 

refined into products like rope, cloth, pulp, fuel, resin

haenep (Anglo Saxon) 

smoking blend of herbals (mojo, K2, legal weed) 

marketed and labeled as incense 

synthetic cannbinoids are added to the herbal blends 

Banned in 2012 in NY Illegal to sell these preparation (manufacturing legislative approach) 

Sativex 

world's first natural marijuana extract pharmaceutical 

used to relieve neuropathic pain, cancer pain, and MS pain 

available in Canada (medical marijuana use) 

contains THC and cannabidiol 

synthetic THC

available for more than 10 years for use as an appetite stimulant in patients with AIDS 

use in the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy in cancer patients 

based on responsibility and guilt 

you become an alcoholic because you're already making bad choices 

alcoholic is responsible for being addicted

Perhaps church/AA are effective because we hold people responsible for actions, but offer a second chance 

addiction disease due to susceptibility or as damage (exposure to drug model) 

useful counter to moral model

the problem is the model is more psychiatric than medical 

use of drugs to alleviate problems such as depression or pain

the drugs relieve these symptoms 

part of the medical model of addiction 

there are some people who are more susceptible to becoming addicted (genetics) 

disease is a result of damage done to the brain due to repeated exposure to the drug 

a model of addiction 

drug users value immediate reinforcement and discount the value of the future 

euphoria is a learned reinforcer-leads to relapse 

(initial drug use, positive reinforcement, repeated drug use, abstinence, want to re-experience euphoria, relapse) 

a decrease in the amount of receptors in a cell, which makes the cell less responsive to a stimuli like a drug 

"desensitize" cell to a drug

a chronic relapsing, behavior disorder

can last weeks or decades

addicts think "I can stop anytime I want to" but usually relapse (behavioral disorder) 

progression is a major characteristic of this theory 

starts with one pattern of behavior that can be substance related like the use of a drug, and then pattern progresses to more and more problems 

gateway drug=marijuana? 

focuses on the beginning of the addiction

start with recreational use of drug and then progresses to repeated use (repeated use leads usually to addiction, at least more reliably than first use would) 

start with a less serious drug and progress to hard drug

focuses on the course of addiction 

there are point in addicts lives where they are more likely to stop 

like taking on the roles of adulthood (perhaps pregnancy, twenties, career, marriage, graduation) 

abstinence syndrome

negative reinforcement for continued drug-taking

environmentally cued craving and relapse

physical or psychological? 

(inital drug use, repeated drug use, physical dependence, attempts at abstinence, withdrawal symptoms, relapse) 

person using drugs gets more effects each time they use the drug (sensitization) 
neural systems involved in this sensitization also induce wanting (not liking)

repeated use (want drugs more even if they want to stop)

relapse

[initial drug use, positive reinforcement, repeated drug use, snesitization of drug wanting, abstinence, compulsive desire b/c of sensitization, relapse) 

opponent process model of addiction 

during the first use there is a big effect, brain adjusts and pushes to opposite direction leading to withdrawal 

lowers the hedonic set point

craving as counteradaptation (since craving persists after withdrawal drug use appears to produce lasting changes in the brain) 

biological hypothesis for addiction 

mesolimbic dopamine pathway (VTA) 

addictive drugs increase dopamine action (indirectly or directly) on nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex 

family causation model 

genetics

modeling/social learning

codependency and enabling systems

ACOA 

factors in all models are considered

includes positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and self-medication 

incorporates: social/interpersonal, cultural, intrapersonal factors 

must have at least three of these symptoms in 12 months:

tolerance

withdrawal

use beyond intention

inability to reduce usage

time-consuming

valued activities are abandoned/reduced 

use continues despite problems 

must show one or more in 12 months:

-use leads to failure to fulfill home, work, or school responsibilities

-repeated use in physically hazardous situations

-repeated legal problems from substance use

-continued use despite resulting social/interpersonal problems

psychological treatment of addiction 

token economy (monetary) 

rewards and sometimes punishments given for following/breaking rules of treatment program

Cognitive Behavior Therapy + this therapy increase amount of time of abstinence compared to CBT alone 

Adult children of Addicts/Alcoholics 

part of the family causation model of addiction 

could parent addicts influence children use (genetics also?) 

environment 

part of the FDA approval process of drug in its safety

testing with at least two species with several doses

carefully planned with consent on healthy patients, hosptial patients 

part of the family causation model of addiction 

allows the addict to have less responsibility because you take the responsibility for the addict

one treatment for addiction

cognitive therapy

develops the discrepancy, rolls with the resistance, and supports self-efficacy 

goal is to change the behavior of the client 

used to reduce craving

medication treatment for addiction 

used for heroin, meth, cocaine, alcohol addicts

causes perceptual distortions/hallucinations