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| Any substance that directly alters the normal function of the Central Nervous System. |
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| contain psychoactive substances. |
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| A psychoactive drug can be referred to by its |
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| chemical name, trade name, or street name. |
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| come from drug users and they change continuously. |
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| provide information on the structure or function of the drug and are used in science and medicine. |
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| refer to a drug company's specific product containing the psychoactive drug in a patented formulation. |
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| Examples of Street names. |
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| Examples of Chemical names. |
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| tetrahydrocannabinol, alprazolam, oxycodone. |
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| Marinol, Xanax, OxyContin, Percodan. |
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| Drugs are grouped or classified by their |
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| physical and emotional effects. |
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| the leaves of the coca plant. |
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| coffee bush berries (beans), tea leaves and cola nuts. |
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produced in legal pharmaceutical labs or in illegal underground labs.
ex:
D, 1-amphetamine
Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate |
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| Physical effects of stimulants. |
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Definition
Increased nerve cell activity.
Release of hormone adrenaline.
Increase of heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate.
Sweating, dry mouth and dilated pupils.
Insomnia and decreased appetite. |
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| Mental/Emotional effects of stimulants. |
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Increased alertness and attention.
Elevated mood, confidence, self-esteem, even euphoria.
High doses can lead to irritability, restlessness and paranoid thoughts. |
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| The three major types of depressant drugs are: |
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Opiates/Opioids
Sedative-hypnotics
Alcohol |
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| The two opiates/opioids are made by the opium poppy are |
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| Some are chemical variations of morphine and codeine called |
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semi-synthetic.
ex.
Diacetylmorphine (Heroin)
Hydrocodone (Vicodin)
Oxycodone (OxyContin) |
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synthetic drugs.
ex.
Methadone (Dolophine)
Propoxyphene (Darvon) |
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| Sedative-hypnotics are used to |
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Definition
reduce anxiety and induce sleep
ex.
Pentobarbital (Seconal)
Diazepam (Valium) |
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| Physical effects of depressants. |
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Definition
Decreased coordination.
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
Relaxed muscle tone and constricted pupils.
Drowsiness.
Coma, if the dose is high enough. |
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| Mental effects of depressants. |
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Reduced anxiety and emotional distress.
Disinhibition of impulses and emotions. |
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| drugs that can distort perceptions of reality. This is the most diverse class of drugs we will discuss. They are sometimes referred to as hallucinogens or psychedelics. |
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found in nature.
ex.
Psilocybin in mushrooms.
Mescaline in the Peyote cactus. |
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| The five routes of administration. |
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Inhaling
Injecting
Mucous membrane absorption
Orally
Contact |
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| heat vaporizes the drug and it is absorbed into the blood via the capillaries of the lung air sacs (fastest onset, drug begins to appear in the brain in 7-10 sec). |
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| the drug is put directly into the body with a needle. |
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| into vein (onset in 15-30 sec). |
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| into muscle mass (onset in 3-5 min). |
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| under the skin (onset 3-5 min). |
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| Mucous membrane absorption |
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| The drug dissolves in liquid secreted by membranes and is absorbed by local capillaries. |
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| mucous membranes of nasal passages (onset 30-60 sec). |
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| under the tongue (onset 3-5 min). |
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| between gums and cheek (onset 3-5 min). |
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| Drugs are absorbed into the blood via capillaries lining the small intestine (20-30 min). |
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| Skin patches such as those containing nicotine release set quantities for up to 7 days (slowest method, onset 1-2 days). |
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| Once a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream |
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| it circulates throughout the body. |
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| The time it takes a drug to reach the brain depends on |
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| blood volume (adult: 6-8 quarts or child: 3-4 quarts). |
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| Organs such as the heart and liver are saturated with |
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| blood vessels, and are sensitive to some drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. |
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| The brain is protected by |
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| The capillaries which supply blood to the brain have a |
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| fatty protective covering to prevent toxins, viruses, and bacteria from entering the central nervous system (CNS). |
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| The fatty protective covering is called |
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| Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier because they are |
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| The more fat soluble drugs are, |
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| the faster they enter the brain and the more intense the reaction. |
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| Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is more fat soluble than |
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| Methamphetamine is more fat soluble than |
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| the process of processing and eliminating foreign substances from the body. |
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| A drug is broken down into fragments called ________ principally by the ______. |
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| Drug metabolites are excreted (eliminated from the body) in the urine by the |
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| In addition, some drugs, or their metabolites, are excreted by the |
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| lungs, sweat glands and in the feces. |
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| Factors affecting metabolic rates: |
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Definition
Age
Race
Heredity
Gender
Health
Other Drugs |
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| Age affects metabolic rates because |
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| the liver slows down with age, the elderly metabolize drugs at a slower rate. |
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| Example of how race affects metabolic rates. |
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| More than 50 percent of Asians break down alcohol slower than Caucasians. |
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| Heredity affects metabolic rates because |
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| parents pass on metabolic traits to their children. |
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| How does gender affect metabolic rates? |
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| Women have a lower muscle mass than men and hence less water to dilute drug doses. |
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| Examples of how health affects metabolic rates. |
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| Diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis reduce liver function and slow metabolism. |
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| Example of how other drugs affect metabolic rates. |
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| When alcohol is present, the liver metabolizes it first and delays the breakdown of other drugs such as Xanax or Valium. |
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| the principal of psychoactive drugs. It is a network of 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) with 100 trillion connections. |
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| The nervous system is divided into two major parts: |
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| The central and the peripheral. |
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| The central nervous system (CNS) |
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| is protected by bone, and consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
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| monitors and regulates the body's internal and exterior environment. Memory, emotions, decision making, and even personality, is even controlled by brain neurons. |
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| contains bundles of fibers carrying information to and from the brain. |
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| The peripheral nervous system consists of |
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| the bundles of motor ans sensory nerve fibers that exit and enter the spinal cord allowing communication between the body and the CNS. |
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| These peripheral fibers are further divided into two types: |
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| Somatic peripheral fibers contain |
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| motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscles allowing voluntary movement, and sensory fibers that carry information from the body's sensory organs. |
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| The autonomic peripheral fibers innervate |
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| the heart, and the smooth muscles in blood vessels, organs and glands. |
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| Autonomic control is sometimes called |
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| involuntary because we do not have to consciously think about how it controls blood circulations, digestion, and respiration. |
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| Many side effects produced by psychoactive drugs are |
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| mediated by the autonomic system. |
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| Many psychoactive drugs activate |
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| the reward/reinforcement system of the old brain which causes animals to repeat a behavior that increases chances of survival. Although the drug administration does not help, or can even disrupt normal behavior, the individual repeats the drug taking behavior over and over. |
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| Important structures in the reward/reinforcement pathway are |
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| the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and lateral hypothalamus. |
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| Nerves cells, or neurons, are |
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| the building blocks of the nervous system. |
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| Nerve cells, or neurons, have four parts: |
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Definition
dendrites (which contain chemical receptors)
the cell body
the axon
the terminals |
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| Nerve cells conduct electrical impulses and communicate with each other by releasing tiny amounts of chemicals called |
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| Examples of neurotransmitters. |
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Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Endorphins
Substance P
GABA |
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| Neurotransmitters are released into |
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Definition
| synapses, which are microscopic gaps between neurons. |
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| Psychoactive drugs work because |
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Definition
| they bind to existing receptor sites on neurons and either mimic, or block, the normal functions of neurotransmitters. |
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| After repeated exposure to a drug the body begins to adapt to its presence. The person need larger doses to achieve their desired effects. |
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| the liver speeds up the disposal (metabolism) of the drug. |
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| Pharmacodynamic tolerance |
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| nerve cells become less sensitive to the drug by producing fewer receptors. |
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| the person learns to compensate for the affects of intoxication. |
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| increasing sensitivity as tissues degenerate (alcoholism). |
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| almost instantaneous tolerance. |
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| a person becomes tolerant to mood changes produced by a drug but not to other physical effects of that drug. |
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| a person becomes more sensitive to a drug as body chemistry changes. |
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| tissues and organs come to depend on a drug just to function normally. |
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| when a user stops taking their drug of addiction, the body's chemistry tries to restore its original chemical balance and undesired side effects called withdrawal symptoms occur. |
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| The three types of withdrawal are: |
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Definition
Non-purposive withdrawal
Purposive withdrawal
Protracted withdrawal |
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| actual physical symptoms that occur when drug use ceases (sweating, goose bumps, diarrhea, tremors). |
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| faked withdrawal symptoms or psychosomatic withdrawal symptoms (neurotic). |
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| recurrence of withdrawal symptoms after a person has already detoxified often causing craving for a drug often resulting in relapse. |
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| People take drugs for confidence, energy, pain relief, anxiety control, social confidence, relief of boredom, altered consciousness, escape, or to gain a competitive edge. |
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| The problem is that drugs also cause unwanted side effects ranging from the uncomfortable to the life-threatening. |
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| Level of use is judged first by |
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| the amount, frequency, and duration of use, then by the effect use has on the individuals life. |
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| The six levels of use are: |
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Definition
1. Abstinence
2. Experimentation
3. Social/recreational
4. Habituation
5. Abuse
6. Addiction |
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Definition
| the continued use of the drug despite negative consequences. |
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| When addicted a person spends most of their time either |
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Definition
| using, getting, or thinking about the drug. Often they deny there is a problem and claim they can stop anytime they want. |
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| Addiction is a chronic, progressive, relapsing, incurable, and potentially fatal condition that is mostly a consequence of genetic irregularities. |
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| Behavioral/Environmental Model |
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Definition
| Influences of one's environment, including stress, abuse, anger, peer pressure, can induce addiction. |
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| It is the use of drugs that causes the body to adapt through physiological mechanisms such as tolerance, tissue dependence, withdrawal, and psychological dependence. |
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