Term
| The five routes of administration. |
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Definition
Inhaling
Injecting
Mucous membrane absorption
Orally
Contact |
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Term
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Definition
| heat vaporizes the drug and it is absorbed into the blood via the capillaries of the lung air sacs (fastest onset, drug begins to appear in the brain in 7-10 sec). |
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Term
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Definition
| the drug is put directly into the body with a needle. |
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Term
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Definition
| into vein (onset in 15-30 sec). |
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Term
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Definition
| into muscle mass (onset in 3-5 min). |
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Term
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Definition
| under the skin (onset 3-5 min). |
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Term
| Mucous membrane absorption |
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Definition
| The drug dissolves in liquid secreted by membranes and is absorbed by local capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| mucous membranes of nasal passages (onset 30-60 sec). |
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Term
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Definition
| under the tongue (onset 3-5 min). |
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Term
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Definition
| between gums and cheek (onset 3-5 min). |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs are absorbed into the blood via capillaries lining the small intestine (20-30 min). |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin patches such as those containing nicotine release set quantities for up to 7 days (slowest method, onset 1-2 days). |
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Term
| Once a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream |
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Definition
| it circulates throughout the body. |
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Term
| The time it takes a drug to reach the brain depends on |
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Definition
| blood volume (adult: 6-8 quarts or child: 3-4 quarts). |
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Term
| Organs such as the heart and liver are saturated with |
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Definition
| blood vessels, and are sensitive to some drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. |
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Term
| The brain is protected by |
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Definition
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Term
| The capillaries which supply blood to the brain have a |
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Definition
| fatty protective covering to prevent toxins, viruses, and bacteria from entering the central nervous system (CNS). |
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Term
| The fatty protective covering is called |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier because they are |
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Definition
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Term
| The more fat soluble drugs are, |
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Definition
| the faster they enter the brain and the more intense the reaction. |
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Term
| Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is more fat soluble than |
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Definition
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Term
| Methamphetamine is more fat soluble than |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of processing and eliminating foreign substances from the body. |
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Term
| A drug is broken down into fragments called ________ principally by the ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug metabolites are excreted (eliminated from the body) in the urine by the |
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Definition
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Term
| In addition, some drugs, or their metabolites, are excreted by the |
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Definition
| lungs, sweat glands and in the feces. |
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Term
| Factors affecting metabolic rates: |
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Definition
Age
Race
Heredity
Gender
Health
Other Drugs |
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Term
| Age affects metabolic rates because |
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Definition
| the liver slows down with age, the elderly metabolize drugs at a slower rate. |
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Term
| Example of how race affects metabolic rates. |
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Definition
| More than 50 percent of Asians break down alcohol slower than Caucasians. |
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Term
| Heredity affects metabolic rates because |
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Definition
| parents pass on metabolic traits to their children. |
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Term
| How does gender affect metabolic rates? |
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Definition
| Women have a lower muscle mass than men and hence less water to dilute drug doses. |
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Term
| Examples of how health affects metabolic rates. |
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Definition
| Diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis reduce liver function and slow metabolism. |
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Term
| Example of how other drugs affect metabolic rates. |
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Definition
| When alcohol is present, the liver metabolizes it first and delays the breakdown of other drugs such as Xanax or Valium. |
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Term
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Definition
| the principal of psychoactive drugs. It is a network of 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) with 100 trillion connections. |
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Term
| The nervous system is divided into two major parts: |
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Definition
| The central and the peripheral. |
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Term
| The central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| is protected by bone, and consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors and regulates the body's internal and exterior environment. Memory, emotions, decision making, and even personality, is even controlled by brain neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains bundles of fibers carrying information to and from the brain. |
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Term
| The peripheral nervous system consists of |
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Definition
| the bundles of motor ans sensory nerve fibers that exit and enter the spinal cord allowing communication between the body and the CNS. |
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Term
| These peripheral fibers are further divided into two types: |
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Definition
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Term
| Somatic peripheral fibers contain |
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Definition
| motor nerves that innervate skeletal muscles allowing voluntary movement, and sensory fibers that carry information from the body's sensory organs. |
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Term
| The autonomic peripheral fibers innervate |
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Definition
| the heart, and the smooth muscles in blood vessels, organs and glands. |
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Term
| Autonomic control is sometimes called |
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Definition
| involuntary because we do not have to consciously think about how it controls blood circulations, digestion, and respiration. |
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Term
| Many side effects produced by psychoactive drugs are |
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Definition
| mediated by the autonomic system. |
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Term
| Many psychoactive drugs activate |
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Definition
| the reward/reinforcement system of the old brain which causes animals to repeat a behavior that increases chances of survival. Although the drug administration does not help, or can even disrupt normal behavior, the individual repeats the drug taking behavior over and over. |
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Term
| Important structures in the reward/reinforcement pathway are |
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Definition
| the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and lateral hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Nerves cells, or neurons, are |
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Definition
| the building blocks of the nervous system. |
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Term
| Nerve cells, or neurons, have four parts: |
|
Definition
dendrites (which contain chemical receptors)
the cell body
the axon
the terminals |
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Term
| Nerve cells conduct electrical impulses and communicate with each other by releasing tiny amounts of chemicals called |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Endorphins
Substance P
GABA |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters are released into |
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Definition
| synapses, which are microscopic gaps between neurons. |
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Term
| Psychoactive drugs work because |
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Definition
| they bind to existing receptor sites on neurons and either mimic, or block, the normal functions of neurotransmitters. |
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Term
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Definition
| After repeated exposure to a drug the body begins to adapt to its presence. The person need larger doses to achieve their desired effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| the liver speeds up the disposal (metabolism) of the drug. |
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Term
| Pharmacodynamic tolerance |
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Definition
| nerve cells become less sensitive to the drug by producing fewer receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| the person learns to compensate for the affects of intoxication. |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing sensitivity as tissues degenerate (alcoholism). |
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Term
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Definition
| almost instantaneous tolerance. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person becomes tolerant to mood changes produced by a drug but not to other physical effects of that drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person becomes more sensitive to a drug as body chemistry changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| tissues and organs come to depend on a drug just to function normally. |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a user stops taking their drug of addiction, the body's chemistry tries to restore its original chemical balance and undesired side effects called withdrawal symptoms occur. |
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Term
| The three types of withdrawal are: |
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Definition
Non-purposive withdrawal
Purposive withdrawal
Protracted withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| actual physical symptoms that occur when drug use ceases (sweating, goose bumps, diarrhea, tremors). |
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Term
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Definition
| faked withdrawal symptoms or psychosomatic withdrawal symptoms (neurotic). |
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Term
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Definition
| recurrence of withdrawal symptoms after a person has already detoxified often causing craving for a drug often resulting in relapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| People take drugs for confidence, energy, pain relief, anxiety control, social confidence, relief of boredom, altered consciousness, escape, or to gain a competitive edge. |
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Term
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Definition
| The problem is that drugs also cause unwanted side effects ranging from the uncomfortable to the life-threatening. |
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Term
| Level of use is judged first by |
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Definition
| the amount, frequency, and duration of use, then by the effect use has on the individuals life. |
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Term
| The six levels of use are: |
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Definition
1. Abstinence
2. Experimentation
3. Social/recreational
4. Habituation
5. Abuse
6. Addiction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the continued use of the drug despite negative consequences. |
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Term
| When addicted a person spends most of their time either |
|
Definition
| using, getting, or thinking about the drug. Often they deny there is a problem and claim they can stop anytime they want. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Addiction is a chronic, progressive, relapsing, incurable, and potentially fatal condition that is mostly a consequence of genetic irregularities. |
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Term
| Behavioral/Environmental Model |
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Definition
| Influences of one's environment, including stress, abuse, anger, peer pressure, can induce addiction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It is the use of drugs that causes the body to adapt through physiological mechanisms such as tolerance, tissue dependence, withdrawal, and psychological dependence. |
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