Term
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Definition
| Use barbiturates stimulates liver enzymes and linked to tolerance and physical psychological dependance. They act as central nervous system depressants (mild sedation to anesthesia) |
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Term
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Definition
-Introduced in the 1960’s as “Librium”
-Reduces the anxiety without reducing sleep Larger safety than barbiturates
-Physical dependence rare
-Overdose rare
-Valium(1970 became a the most widely used prescribed drug |
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Term
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Definition
-A 1990s version of a Mickey Finn
-Produces profound intoxication when mixed with alcohol
-Reports surfaced of the drug being slipped into drinks and used as a “date-rap” drug
-Changes in laws and in the formulation of the pills should reduce its abuse (20yrs+$250k ) |
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Term
| Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid |
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Definition
-Causes CNS depression, especially when combined with alcohol
-Has been used as an anesthetic
-Behavioral effects similar to alcohol
-Lack of coordination and slurred speech
considered a date rape drug
-Expect for a specific formulation used to treat cataplexy, GHB is listed on Schedule 1 |
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Term
| Beneficial Uses/Causes of Concern (Barbiturates) |
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Definition
Benefits
-Sedatives (anxiety reducers)
-Sleeping Pills
-Anticonvulsants
Causes of Concern
-Drugs are overprescribed
-May cause ‘hangover’ effects
-Psychological dependence
-Withdrawal Symptoms- Anxiety, insomnia, nausea, seizures, agitation, visual and auditory hallucinations
-Toxicity - Behavioral, Physiological Abuse |
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Term
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Definition
High-dose exposure causes intoxication with effects similar to depressants. Products that can be abused by inhalation include gasoline, glue, paint, lighter dluif, spray cans, nail polish, correction fluid
Dangers
Kidney damage
Brain damage
Peripheral nerve damage
Irritation of the respiratory tract
Severe headaches
death by suffocation |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms> diagnosis> determination of cause>treatment>cure
Criticisms of model:
Usually the only symptoms of mental disorders are behavioral
Behaviors are varied and can have many cause
Model guides much of current thinking:
-Psychoactive drugs are used to control symptoms of mental illness
-Researchers seek to identify chemical imbalances associated with specific mental disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by excessive worry, fears, or avoidance
-Panic disorders
-Specific phobias
-Social phobia
-Obsessive-compulsive disorder
-Post-traumatic stress disorders
-Generalized anxiety disorder
Psychosis- A serious mental disorder involving loss of contact with reality
Schizophrenia- chronic psychosis characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and lack of emotional response; causes significant interference with social and/or occupational functioning |
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Term
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Definition
Characterized by depressed or manic symptoms
-Major depression
-Manic episodes
-Symptoms don’t always fit neatly into diagnostic categories |
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Term
| Early Treatment of Mental Disorders |
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Definition
Early Drug Therapy (Barbiturates)
Insulin-shock Therapy
Convulsive Therapy
Sedatives (Paraldehyde) |
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Term
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Definition
Called tranquilizers, neuroleptics, or antipsychotics
Reduce psychotic symptoms without causing sedation
Following introduction of drug therapy, restraints and treatments like convulsion therapy were reduced or discontinued among hospitalized patients |
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Term
| Two groups of antipsychotics |
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Definition
Conventional (introduced before mid-1990s)
Atypical |
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Term
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Definition
Discovered when a drug for tuberculosis was found to also elevate mood.
Work by increasing the availability of serotonin and dopamine
Safer today than pervious versions but may increase suicidal tendencies in children and adolescents
In 2003 eight different antidepressants were among the 100 most prescribed drugs in the US
In 2003 worldwide sales of antidepressants exceeded $15 billion |
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy |
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Definition
Most effective treatment for relieving severe depression
Works very rapidly, more quickly than antidepressant drugs
Best treatment choice in cases with a risk of suicide
Can be used in conjunction with drugs |
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Term
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Definition
Mood Stabilizer
First used in 1940 for heart patients with negative effects
since 1970 it is most commonly used for mania and bi-polar disorders
Safe but requires close monitoring of blood levels |
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Term
| Consequences of Drug treatment of Mental illness |
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Definition
Community Mental Health Programs
Changes for Psychiatrists
Civil Rights issues
Medication problems
Hospital- Jail- Street |
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Term
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Definition
World’s meant important psychoactive drug
Alcoholic beverages have been commend as far back as 8000 BC |
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Term
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Definition
Fermentation= the production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts
Forms the basis of all alcoholic beverages
Fruits + yeast =fermentation will begin
Fruits naturally contain sugars
Cereal Grains contain starch which must be converted by malt before fermentation can begin
Yeast had a limited tolerance for alcohol
When alcohol concentration reached 15% the yeast dies and fermentation cease |
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Term
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Definition
Distillation+evaporation and condensation of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with alcohol content higher than 15 %
First used in Arabia around AD 800
Introduced into Europe in about the 10th century
In U.S. began on a larger scale at the end of the 18th century
Proof= alcohol content of a distilled beverage twice the percentage of alcohol by weight
90-proof whiskey is 45 % pure alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
Made by adding barely malt to other cereal grains
Hops are added with yeast to give beer its distinctive flavor |
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Term
| Lager, Ale, Malt Liquor, Light beer |
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Definition
Lager-uses a type of yeast that settles to the bottom of the mash to ferment
Most common type in the United State
Ale- uses a top-fermentation yeast warmer fermentation temperature more malt and hops
Malt liquor- like lager but aged longer
Light beer- fermentation longer at a cooler temperature
More sugar is converted to alcohol, then water added
Results is a beverage with similar alcohol content but less sugar (and fewer calories) than regular beer |
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Term
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Definition
Whiskey= Distillate of fermented malted barley
Early U.S. distiller form Bourbon County, KY gave beverage its name
Distilled at a lower proof (160) and so contains more congers and some flavor from grain used
Rye whiskey, corn whisky (bourbon) blended whiskey
Usually aged for at least two years
Liquors or cordials
Alcohol content 20 to 25 percent
Originally made from brandy mixed with flavorings from herbs, berries, or nuts
Now typically made from flavored, diluted grain neutral spirits |
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Term
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Definition
States began passing prohibition laws in 1851
By 1917, 64% of Americans lived in “dry” territory
Laws reflected issues of class, ethnicity, religion, immigration, and politics
People still drank illegally in speakeasies and private clubs and legally through purchase of patent medicines
Federal prohibition
18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, banning the sale of alcohol, was ratified in January 1919
National prohibition went into effect in January 1920
People continued to buy and sell alcohol illegally and enforcement was challenging and expensive
Organized crime became more organized and profitable
Alcohol dependence and alcohol-related deaths |
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Term
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Definition
Snuff: During the 18th century smoking diminished but snuff use became widespread
Snuff was perceived as a British product and use declined after the Revolution
Chewing Tobacco: During the 19th century, nearly all tobacco produced and used in the U.S. was chewing
Cigars: A combination of chewing and smoking(Peaked in popularity in 1920)
Cigarettes: Most popular form of tobacco use
Native Americans used thin reeds filled with tobacco
Factories appeared in the 19th century
Habit spread widely with the advent inexpensive machined produced cigarettes |
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Term
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Definition
In 1964: Surgeon General’s report that smoking causes lung cancer in men
Tobacco sales began a decline that has continued
1965: Congress requred warning labels on cigarette pacjages
1971: TV and radio cigarette ads were bammed
1990: Smoking banned on interstate buses and domestic airlines
1995: FDA proposes to future regulate tobacco and ads
State to stat and local banns on cigarette use |
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Term
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Definition
Passive smoking= non smokers inhaling cigarette smoke from the environment
Components of environmental tobacco smoke
Side-stream smoke: the smoke rising from the ash of cigarette
Mainstream smoke: the smoke exhaled by the smoker |
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Term
| Nicotine: Physiological Effects |
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Definition
Mimics acetylcholine
First stimulates and then blocks certain receptor sites
Causes the release of adrenaline and has an indirect sympathomimetic effect
Symptoms of nicotine poisoning
Low-level (often experienced by beginning smokers) nausea, dizziness, and general weakness
Higher-level: Tremors, conclusions, paralysis of breathing muscles, death |
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Term
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Definition
A drug is a product intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease
Usage by Americans
Americans self-treat four times as many health problems as doctors treat, often with OTC drugs
Americans spend over $18 billion per year on OTC drugs |
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Term
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Definition
Required label information includes:
Approve uses of the product
Detailed instructions on safe and effective use
Cautions or warnings to those at greatest risk when they take medication |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulants
Weight-control Products
Sedatives and sleep Aids |
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Term
| OTC Analgesics: Therapeutic Use |
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Definition
Analgesic
Effective block mild-to-moderate somatic pain; i.e. headache and musculoskeletal pain,
Antipyretic
Reduces fever
Anti-inflammatory
Reduces, swelling, inflammation and soreness |
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Term
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Definition
Increases bleeding time by inhibiting blood platelet aggregation
Induces gastrointestinal bleeding
Reye’s syndrome
Accidental poisoning and suicide attempts |
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Term
| OTC Analgesics: Acetaminophen |
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Definition
Increased in popularity in the 1970’s as Tylenol and Datril
Effective for fever reduction and causes less gastric bleeding |
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Term
| OTC: Anaglgesics: Ibuprofen |
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Definition
Originally available by prescription but now also availanle over the counter (Advil)
Used primarily as an anti-inflammatory drug
Potential side effects include nausea, stomach pains and liver damage. |
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