Term
| This country established the first brewery |
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Definition
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Term
| This was the first distilled type of liquor (aquae vitae) also known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| These are factors that contributed to the decline of alcohol consumption in the US from 1970s-1990s |
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Definition
| weight management, health, education and fitness industry |
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Term
| Common among college students and young adults, this involves drinking several drinks at once |
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Definition
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Term
| Income influences how much and the type of alcohol people prefer. People making over $50,000/year prefer |
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Definition
| Wine and/or liquor (not beer) |
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Term
| Alcoholism involves negative impacts in these areas of life |
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Definition
| Preoccupation with drinking, physical/emotional problems, work/social/family problems |
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Term
| This was the goal of the Temperance Movement |
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Definition
| To reduce consumption of distilled spirits |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can lead to the following deformities |
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Definition
| Smaller than normal head, small wide-set eyes, drooping smile, short upturned nose |
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Term
| Someone who is co-dependent often has the following features |
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Definition
| Over-involvement with the alcoholic, obsessive attempts to control the alcoholic's behavior, and strong reliance on the approval of others |
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Term
| This type of person would be your typical "Type 1" alcoholic |
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Definition
| Female, started drinking after age 25, has guilt/fear about alcoholism, drinks to escape feelings, has environmental influences to drink |
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Term
| They first introduced tobacco to Europe |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the idea that smokers adjust their smoking behavior to obtain a stable dose of nicotine |
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Definition
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Term
| Name some health concerns specific to FEMALE smokers |
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Definition
| 3x greater risk of stroke, 2x greater risk of heart attack, additive risk if on birth control, harm to developing fetus |
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Term
| Most chronic of life-long smokers begin smoking around this age/grade |
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Definition
| 6th-7th grade; 11-12 years old |
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Term
| Name some reasons why cigars are more dangerous than cigarettes |
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Definition
| Smoke has more alkaline than cigarette smoke, higher tar content, higher risk of cancer, risk for cancers in the mouth |
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Term
| These are all sources of caffeine |
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Definition
| Coffee, tea, chocolate, soft drinks, medications |
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Term
| These 2 countries have the highest rate of tea consumption |
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Definition
| Great Britain and Ireland |
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Term
| These processes in the brain produces the stimulant effects of caffeine |
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Definition
| Blocks the inhibitory NT, adenosine |
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Term
| These are all negative side effects of caffeine consumption |
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Definition
| Increased heart rate, nervousness, twitching, GI upset, diarrhea, cardiovascular effects, bone fractures, breast disease, effects during pregnancy and breast feeding, panic attacks |
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Term
| These are some of the potential health benefits of caffeine consumption |
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Definition
| Reduced risk of Parkinson's (only males), decreased risk of cirrhosis of the liver, reduced risk for oral, pharyngeal and esophageal cancers |
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Term
| Describe the typical "Type 2" alcoholic |
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Definition
| Male, started drinking before 25, fights and gets arrested a lot, dependence on alcohol, drinks to achieve positive mood, has 5HT abnormalities in the brain |
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Term
| This is how acute alcohol poisoning causes death |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative effects of cigarette smoke on second-hand smokers |
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Definition
| Increased risk of lung cancer, sudden infant death syndrome, bronchitis, childhood asthma |
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Term
| Side effects of consuming large amounts of caffeine during pregnancy |
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Definition
| Low birth weight of the baby, increased risk for miscarriage |
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Term
| In the US each year ___% smokers try to quit and about ___% are successful the first time |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhalants exert their primary effects by inhibiting... |
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Definition
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Term
| The following are reasons why inhalants are abused so frequently especially among children and adolescents |
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Definition
| Easily accessible/available, easier to conceal, intoxication occurs more rapidly than other forms of administration |
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Term
| This substance, which produces nasal irritation when inhaled, has been added to certain glues to minimize the risk for inhalant abuse |
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Definition
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Term
| The following are the main classes of inhalants |
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Definition
| Gasses/aerosols, solvents, anesthetics, nitrites |
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Term
| The main medical use for amyl nitrite is for the treatment of this medical condition |
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Definition
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Term
| This phase of clinical testing for prescription drugs refers to the studies in which an experimental drug is administered to healthy young volunteers to check on possible side effects and determine patterns of absorption and elimination |
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Definition
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Term
| These are the 3 principal medical properties of aspirin |
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Definition
| Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (fever reducing) |
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Term
| As a response to Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, this piece of legislation was the first to require research demonstrating the safety of ingredients placed into foods and medications before they could be marketed commercially |
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Definition
| Food Drug and Cosmetic Aid of 1938 |
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Term
| This dietary supplement has been used as a treatment for depression |
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Definition
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Term
| These are the significant problems for safety associated with using dietary supplements as mentioned in lecture |
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Definition
| Not approved by the FDA, studies of safety or efficacy for dietary supplements is not required, any new ingredients added to existing supplement do not need to be tested |
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Term
| The key mechanism of benzodiazepines is the effect of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
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Term
| The first antianxiety drug ever developed (and named after the professor's hometown) |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzodiazepines do not produce tolerance effects (more of the drug needed to produce the same effect) when taken for this reason |
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Definition
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Term
| This sedative hypnotic is commonly used as a date rape drug |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the book, the only current medical use for bariturates (that has not been rendered obsolete by other medications) is the treatment of this |
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Definition
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Term
| NT most commonly associated with schizophrenia |
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Definition
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Term
| SSRIs when given to children and adolescents pose a serious risk for |
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Definition
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Term
| These are the main categories of antidepressant medications |
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Definition
| SSRIs, MAOIs, tricyclics, SNRIs |
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Term
| Second generation antipsychotics, also known as atypical antipsychotic drugs were developed for this reason |
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Definition
| The treatment of schizophrenia symptoms without the potential for Parkinson-like side effects, tardive dyskenesia |
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Term
| This symptom displayed by some patients with schizophrenia is characterized by a rigid prolonged body posture |
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Definition
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Term
| The goal of this prevention strategy is to reduce the extent of drug use in individuals who have already had some exposure to drugs |
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Definition
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Term
| This term refers to a set of considerations specific to a particular ethnic group or community in order to enhance the effective of a substance abuse intervention |
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Definition
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Term
| The maintenence of this drug abuse treatment strategy emphasizes accepting the idea that people are powerless to their addiction |
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Definition
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Term
| According to lecture, the presence of these two elements are necessary for drug addiction |
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Definition
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Term
| According to lecture, for every $___ invested in drug abuse treatment, we see a $___ savings/return |
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Definition
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Term
| 6 chemicals in abused inhalants |
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Definition
| Toluene, butane, propane, acetone, fluorocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
| When taking barbiturates for insomnia, it suppresses REM sleep. When you stop taking barbiturates, your body tries to compensate for the loss of REM so you have longer REM periods, which leads to vivid and unpleasant dreams and a barb. hangover (groggy) |
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Term
| Most serious acute risk of barbiturate use |
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Definition
| Slip into a coma and death, since an excessive dose produces an inhibition of the respiratory centers in the medulla |
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Term
| Barbiturate administration in lab animals/Human drug abusers experiment |
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Definition
| They will eagerly press the lever to deliver IV injections of barbs. Humans (unaware of which is which) will choose the barb. instead of the non-barb. |
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Term
| Two types of nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics |
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Definition
chloral hydrate: treats insomnia without the REM sleep rebound effect or the hangover, but causes stomach irritation
methaqualone: also insomnia, but is abused because it has aphrodisiac effects (now illicit and a schedule 1 drug) |
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Term
| Miltown (meprobamate) actions and effects |
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Definition
| reduces the activity of AcH at the nicotininc synapses -> muscle contractions are weaker, general relaxation follows |
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Term
| Benzodiazepine absorption and advantages |
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Definition
| By the small intestines; does not act on the respiratory centers in the medulla (rare that person will die of resp. failure from OD), half life very long (benzos build up -> drug induced dementia) |
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Term
| Benzodiazepine withdrawal |
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Definition
| Physical: anxiety might be worse than before, possible insomnia, restlessness and agitation (but symptoms are much better than barbiturate withdrawal) |
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Term
| How Benzodiazepines work in the brain |
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Definition
| The benzos attach to its receptors, facilitating GABA production-- multiple binding sites in the receptor (greater inhibtion if GABA attaches to the receptor and the benzo is attached to the receptor) |
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Term
| Benzodiazepines administration in lab animals/humans placebo experiment |
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Definition
| They are WEAK reinforcers. The animals self-adminster the drug but at much smaller levels than barbs/non-barb sedative hypnotics. College students prefer the placebo over the Valium. |
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Term
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Definition
Abuse- polydrug use, used to relieve or enhance symptoms of heroin/cocaine/alc
Misuse-more than abuse...now less easily prescribed |
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Term
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Definition
| A sedative hypnotic given to pregnant women for morning sickness in the mid50s. It was never approved; 40% died before their first birthday. Resulted in the Kefauver-Harris Amendment enforcing FDA approval. |
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Term
| FDA categories for OTC drugs |
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Definition
1: safe, effective, not mislabeled
2: unsafe, ineffective, possibly mislabeled (must be removed w/in 6 months)
3: not enough data to determine |
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Term
| 3 subtypes of GABA receptors |
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Definition
| cortex (sedative), amygdala/limbic (anti-anxiety), hippocampus(anti-convulsant) |
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Term
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Definition
| Antianxiety drug with effects equal to Valium but w/o cross tolerance/dependence or withdrawal symptoms when discontinued after chronic use. Lab animals do not self-administer and humans indicate an absence of euphoria and do not have impaired motor skills. Takes very long to take effect, and works on 5HT, not GABA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slows heart rate, relaxes blood vessel pressure, decreases the forceful heart contractions. Used for anti-anxiety before an event and also for high BP (with diuretic) |
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Term
| Schizophrenia medicine dosage |
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Definition
| Drugs administered only when sever symptoms arise and are withdrawn completely when the symptoms are eliminated (target dosing) |
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Term
| Schizophrenia and Parksinson's |
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Definition
| Parkinson's results from a DA deficiency (result: drugs that increased DA activity). Since Parkinson's symptoms appear when schiz symptoms improve, they thought it was because of a DA deficiency, so antipsychotics were reducing the level of DA in the brain. |
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Term
First generation depressant drugs
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Definition
MAOIs: inhibits MAOs (enzymes); problems: inhibits MAO everywhere. MAO useful in breaking down tyramine (too much tyramine leads to high BP/stroke) Tricyclics: too much leads to irregular/elevated heart beat
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Term
| Second generation depressant drugs |
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Definition
| SSRIs: inhibits 5HT reuptake; doesn't affect MAOs and heart rate, but side effects include nausea, sexual dysfunction, and increased risk of seizures. Also might be too good-patients don't want to get off it. |
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Term
| Third generation antidepressant drugs |
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Definition
| SNRIs: 5HT NE reuptake inhibitor |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 respond well and do not return to treatment, 1/3 somewhat respond and do not return when they should, and 1/3 do not respond at all |
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