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Drugs and Behavior
Exam 1
71
Medical
Undergraduate 3
09/12/2011

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Drug
Definition
any substance that alters the physiology of the body that is intended to be consumed for the purpose of treatment or to get high
Term
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act employs
Definition
preclinical animal testing and preclinical trials
Term
The DEA and HHS have the power to...
Definition
add, remove or change the schedule of drugs and substances of the drug scheduling list
Term
Schedule 2
Definition
High potential for abuse
Medical use is accepted but limited with severe restrictions
Prolonged use increases the propensity for dependence
Term
Schedule 1
Definition
High potential for abuse
Not used in the medical profession for treatment of any physical or psychological ailment
Drug safety is of high concern
Term
Schedule 3
Definition
Potential for abuse is less than those drugs listed in Schedule 1 and 2
Medical use is accepted, normally without restrictions
Prolonged use modestly increases the propensity for dependence
Term
Chemical name
Definition
formal chemical jargon; molecular structure
7 – chloro-1, 3, -dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepin-2-one
Term
Generic
Definition
non-propriety name
Term
trade name
Definition
propriety name (patented name)
Term
Drug scheduling is based on
Definition
Abuse liability, use in medical practice, risk for dependence
Term
dose/dosing
Definition
the concentration (m/v) or quantity of a particular drug
Term
Effectiveness
Definition
the maximum effect that a drug will produce
Term
Potency
Definition
refers to the affinity for the drug at the receptor
Term
Therapeutic index
Definition
a value indicating drug safety

ED50 – median effective dose
LD50 – median lethal dose
Term
Therapeutic window
Definition
– the blood concentration level of a drug that is above the level of the therapeutic level but below the toxic level
Term
Dose-response curve
Definition
demonstrates the relationship between the drug and response
Term
Primary response
Definition
desired effect
Term
Side effect
Definition
secondary response
Term
Duration of Action
Definition
The range of time that the drug has a therapeutic effect
Term
Indication
Definition
the desired drug effect or response for a specific situation
Term
Antagonist
Definition
a drug that shifts the DRC of another drug to the right; blocks the effects of the neurotransmitter
Term
Agonist
Definition
a drug that mimics the action of another drug; mimics the effect of the neurotransmitter
Term
Potentiation
Definition
when the action of one drug does not have an effect yet it increases the effect of another in adjunctive therapy
Term
Superadditive
Definition
when two drugs mutually increase both of the desired effects
Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
the study of how drugs move into, get around in and are eliminated from the body
Term
Absorption
Definition
The rate at which an administered drug is absorbed into the circulatory system
Term
Route of absorption
Definition
stomach --> small intestines --> capillaries --> circulatory system
Term
What is the site of action (SOA) for drugs of abuse
Definition
the brain
Term
Distribution
Definition
The process by which drugs are transported throughout the body to get to the site of action
Term
How does protein binding inhibit drug distribution
Definition
When drug binds to protein, it is too big to pass through bilayer. We must wait until they break apart so the drug can pass through the bilayer
Term
The BBB is made up of
Definition
capillaries, glial cells, and extra membrane
Term
How do drugs get through the BBB
Definition
Drugs heighten stress level on brain causing a breakdown of the BBB letting drugs in
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The biotransformation and restructuring of molecules (i.e. drugs)
Term
Enzyme induction is present when...
Definition
the baseline level of a particular enzyme is increased after repeated activation
Term
Depression
Definition
The suppression of an enzyme system as a result of two drugs competing for the same enzyme
Term
Drug Clearance
Definition
determining the rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body
Term
Half life (t ½)
Definition
the amount of time it takes for the body to remove 50% of the drug
Term
Excretion
Definition
excretion of a drug once peak levels have been reached
Term
The nervous system is made up of the CNS and PNS. What two components make up the CNS?
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term
What two components make up the PNS?
Definition
Somatic NS (voluntary control of muscles) and Autonomic NS (involuntary)
Term
What two components make up the Autonomic NS?
Definition
Sympathetic NS (Fight) and Parasympathetic NS (Flight)
Term
Limbic System
Definition
area of the brain responsible for gauging stimuli valence, controlling emotions based on sensory stimuli, and motivate (or drive) the organism to repeat actions that produced pleasure
Term
The frontal lobe controls...
Definition
motor function, problem solving, memory, judgement, impulse control, social/sexual behavior
Term
The parietal lobe controls...
Definition
sensory input
Term
The temporal lobe controls...
Definition
Language, emotion, memory
Term
The occipital lobe controls...
Definition
visual perception
Term
Neuron
Definition
receives, analyzes and transmits information
Term
Glial cells
Definition
provide metabolic and structural functions
Term
Neurotransmission
Definition
intercellular communication via chemical messengers; dependent on four main ions: Sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine
Term
Action potentials
Definition
refer to stimulation of a cell, release of a chemical messenger
Term
Depolarization
Definition
increasing positivity of the membrane (potassium out)
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
increasing negativity of the membrane (sodium in)
Term
Resting potential
Definition
resting state of a neuron
Term
Neurotransmitters (NT)
Definition
the chemical messengers, conveying information from one neuron to another; they bind to receptors of the postsynaptic cell exciting (activating) or inhibiting (stopping) the postsynaptic neuron
Term
Agonist
Definition
drugs that mimic the effect of the NT
Term
Antagonist
Definition
drugs that block the effect of the NT
Term
Drugs exert their effects on the brain by...
Definition
Occupying receptors (agonist/antagonist), decreasing enzyme activity, altering enzyme reuptake, interfering with ion channels, increasing or decreasing secretion of NT from presynaptic nerve
Term
Substance dependence
Definition
A maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
Term
The defining characteristics of drug addiction are...
Definition
Impaired control over the use of a drug and the drug use has harmful consequences
Term
Addiction as a physical/psychological dependence
Definition
Assumption: The drug is a necessity to maintain functioning of physical body and the brain

Caveat: Relapse manifests after long periods of sobriety
Term
Addiction as a method of self-medication
Definition
Assumption: The drug is consumed to provide relief of unpleasant symptoms

Caveat: Anxious subjects do not consistently choose diazepam over a placebo
Term
Expectancy Theory of Addiction
Definition
Assumption: Past experience with a drug or the knowledge of taking a drug (even if a placebo is given) sets a drug expectation influencing drug effects

Caveat: Despite negative consequences associated with alcohol abuse and addiction, leading to aversive expectancies, persistent use presents
Term
Limitations to proposed theories
Definition
1. Self reported so they are biased
2. Limited control over variables
3. Addiction can be explained as circular (addiction results in physical dependence where the person must take drugs in order to keep a normal functioning body and are driven by withdrawals)
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
the study of how stimuli influence behavior; human behavior is shaped by the environment
Term
Positive Reinforcement Model
Definition
drugs are self-administered because they act as positive reinforcers; it is the reinforcement that conditions, shapes or molds self-administration
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
the event in which a previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response
Term
Conditioned Place Preference (CPP)
Definition
a Pavlovian model of drug addiction, highlighting the importance of environmental stimuli in drug addiction
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
the training of voluntary behavior to acquire a specific response
Term
Self administration
Definition
a model of drug reinstatement; aimed at elucidating the mechanisms associated with drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior
Term
Sensitization
Definition
the increase in the motivational “incentive” properties of a drug and associated drug-associated stimuli. A model of drug addiction, specifically focusing on mechanisms driving relapse.
Term
Stress
Definition
the increase in drug-taking behavior to eliminate a negative, aversive state. Concentrated on negative reinforcement. A conditioning model of drug addiction, elucidating the influence of aversive states in the reinstatement of drug addiction.
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