Term
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Definition
| Replace GH levels appropriate for age |
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Term
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Definition
| Replaces GHRF and acts on pituitary to secrete GH |
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Term
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Definition
| Replaces IGF-1 to promote growth/maturation in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Blockade of GH release from pituitary as well as direct decrease in insulin secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| antagonizes the GH receptors on the liver |
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Term
| Bromocriptine and Cabergoline |
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Definition
| decreases GH levels via unk mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| interrupts esterogen negative feedback at hypothalamus/anterior pituitary --> stimulates GnRH/GnH release |
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Term
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Definition
| Mimics natural secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Longer duration of action, increases expression of aquaporin2 for fluid reuptake --> increases ADH |
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Term
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Definition
| antagonizes the action of ADH through an unknown post receptor mechanism |
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Term
| Conivaptan, Tolvaptin, Lixivaptan |
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Definition
| antagonizes ADH receptor --> decreases ADH levels |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits 11 B-hydroxylase --> decrease cortisol synthesis --> increase ACTH of pituitary origin but not ectopic ACTH (lung carcinoma or CRC) |
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Term
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Definition
| Desmolase inhibitor (cholesterol --> pregnenolone), therefore blocks formation of ALL adrenocorticosteroids |
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Term
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Definition
| Prefentially inhibits 17 alpha hydroxylation and inhibits formulation of DHEA, Andostenedion, and Cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| cytotoxic agent that acts on normal and neoplastic adrenocorticol cells to rapidly reduce adrenal steroid levels in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| primary circulating TH, bound to TBG --> longer half life than T3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased affinity for nuclear receptor, very rapid onset of action and short duration of action |
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Term
| Suppression of inflammation with adrenocorticosteroids |
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Definition
| decreased autoantibody levels --> recovery of thyroid function --> increased T4 --> decreased TSH and reversal of any thyroid hyperplasia (used cautiously due to immunosuppression SE) |
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Term
| Propylthiouracil and Methimazole |
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Definition
| Compete with thyroglobulin for FE-O-I on thyroid peroxidase to decrease tyrosyl iodination |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Beta Blockers used in hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
| decrease sensitivity of CVS to circulating adrenergic hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| made in leydid cells of testes, circulated in blood via SHBG and albumin, promotes development of male genitalia, skeletal muscle and bone |
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Term
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Definition
| made insitu from testosterone via testosterone 5 alpha reductase. promotes differentiation of genitalia during developmental and maturation, spermatogenesis, hair maturation and prostate growth |
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Term
| Finasteride and Dutasteride |
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Definition
| competitive enzyme inhibitor at the step where testostoerone -- DHT via 5 alpha reductase 2. |
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Term
| Terazosin, Doxazosin, tamsulosin, alfuzosin |
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Definition
| drug induced relaxation --> increased urinary flow |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease anterior pituitary GnH leads to decreased testicular androgen synthesis, leads to suppression of testerone dependent prostate cancer and metastases |
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Term
| Estrogens (DES) in managing prostate cancer w/ metastasis |
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Definition
| suppresses GnH (and decreases osteoporosis!) |
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Term
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Definition
| immune cells from pt are exposed to prostate cancer associated antigen (PSA) which stimulates production of antigen presenting cells that can specifically target prostate cancer cells and strengthen natural immunity (results in increased life by 4.1 months) |
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Term
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Definition
| androgen receptor antagonists: decreased receptor mediated effects of DHT and adrenal androgens |
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Term
| PDE5 inhibitors (Sidenafil citrate, vardenafil, Tadafil |
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Definition
| blockade of PDE5-> increased cGMP --> decreased Ca by promoting export outside cell or SR storage --> relaxation of corporeal arterial and sinusoidal smooth muscle --> erection |
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Term
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Definition
| PGE1--> cAMP- mediated phosphorylation and decreased activity of voltage dependent calcium ion channels --> relaxation of arterial and trabercular smooth muscle |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Insulin secretion from Beta Cells |
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Definition
| Activation of receptor for incretions (GLP-1) can also promote insulin secretion by increase cAMP; Glucose, FA, and ketone bodies that increase ATP can stimulate insulin secretion; Calcium mediated insulin release |
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Term
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Definition
| predominantly found in placenta, bronchial epithelia, and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed in liver, pancreatic B cells, hypothalamus, SI, and renal tubular cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily in neurons- primary source of neuronal glucose transport. Also found in placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| insulin induces translocation from intracellular sites to the membrane in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and heart |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes release of somatostatin leads to decreased insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| increase membrane permeability to potassium--> decreased calcium uptake via voltage gated channels --> decreased calcium mediated insulin secretion |
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Term
| Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors (acarabose and migitol) |
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Definition
| synthetic oligosaccharide inhibits intestinal mucosal alpha glycosidase which blocks intestinal uptake of carbs into the blood (Therefore this will UNblock uptake!) |
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Term
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Definition
| acts at receptors in hypothalamus to decrease appetite (mutations associated with ravenous appetite and profound obesity) |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes fatty acid oxidation in muscles and suppresses hepatic glucose release |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin deficiency leads to increased breakdown of TG, this results increased fatty acids in blood; fatty acids are converted to acetylCoA --> ATP in liver; overproduction --> unmetabolized hepatic actylCoA-->ketone bodies --> excess are excreted and metabolized in other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in GLUT1 translocation to tissue membrane; decreases hyperglycemia by dereasing hepatic glucose production and increasing glucose utilization by muscle and other non-hepatic tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires insulin, leads to gene expression that facilitates the action of insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| made in beta cells and secreted with insulin; acts on alpha cells to decreased glucagon secretion, leads to decreased hepatic flucose production, this leads to increased hepatic insulin responsiveness. Also delays gastric emptying and suppresses appetitie. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in increased calcium --> increased insulin secretion |
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Term
| Meglitinide analogs (repaglinide) |
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Definition
| same mechanism as sulfonureas (increased calcium --> increased insulin secretion) |
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Term
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Definition
| acts on receptors on pancreatic beta cell membrane --> Gs-linked receptor lead to increased cAMP--> increased glucose induced insulin secretion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increases sensitivity of calcium sensing receptors on parathyroid gland--> decreased PTH and serum calcium levels |
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Term
| Ibandronate and Zoledronate |
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Definition
| Inhibits bone resorption via action on osteoclasts or osteoclast precursors; indirect inrease in bone mineral density |
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Term
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Definition
| antagonizes the effects of PTH; directly inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption |
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Term
| High dose glucocorticoids |
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Definition
| antagonizes GI absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium displaced by divalent and trivalent heavy metals forming non ionizing soluble complex that is excreted in the urine |
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Term
| Estrogen supplementation to treat Postmenopausal Osteopenia and Osteoporosis |
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Definition
| antagonizes action of osteoclasts --> decrease bone resorption; no increase in skeletal mass but slows loss relative to no estrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Weak estrogen agonist activity in bone -> decreases bone resorption. increase risk of thombosis in women with prior history |
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Term
| Calcitonin in treating osteoporosis/osteopenia regardless of cause |
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Definition
| antagonizes osteoclasts-> increases cAMP, as well as interferes with the membrane transport of phosphate and calcium; does not promote bone growth |
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Term
| Bisphonate MOA for bone restoration |
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Definition
| directly attaches to bone --> resist demineralization; at sites of osteoclast-medicated bone resorption they are released and internalized by osteoclasts--> cytotoxic events and decrease osteoclastic-mediated bone resorption |
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Term
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Definition
| at very low levels -> new bone formation by attracting osteoblasts; at high levels --> measurable serum elvels-->bone resorption |
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