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Dr. Kingsley's PE220
Exam #2
100
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
10/01/2012

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Term
Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?
Definition
prolactin inhibiting hormone
Term
An increase in the size of an organ as a consequence of an increase in cell number is referred to as hypertrophy.
Definition
False
Term
The magnitude of the action potential is dependent upon the extent to which the change in membrane potential is above threshold.
Definition
False
Term
The thyroid gland secretes what hormone?
Definition
both thyroid hormones and calcitonin
Term
A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes more negative, is referred to as a
________.
Definition
Hyperpolarization
Term
The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic

-pituitary portal system.
Definition
False
Term
The depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid ________.
Definition
opening of sodium channels
Term
The all

or none principle, associated with the action potential, states that ________.
Definition
once membrane potential reaches threshold, an action potential will be generated and that action potential will always be the same magnitude
Term
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is also known as the ________.
Definition
neurohypophysis
Term
Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary?
Definition
gonadotropin releasing hormone
Term
The jumping of an action potential from node

to node is called ________.
Definition
saltatory conduction
Term
The stimulation of an inadequate number of sodium channels for the generation of a positive
sodium channel feedback loop is considered a ________ stimulus.
Definition
subthreshold
Term
Which of the following endocrine organs is located in the brain?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?
Definition
both zonae reticularis and fasciculata
Term
In myelinated nerve fibers, where do action potentials occur?
Definition
nodes of Ranvier
Term
________ are hollow cavities within the brain that are bathed by cerebrospinal fluid.
Definition
Ventricles
Term
Where is the thermoregulatory center?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Which of the following is the correct order of the meninges, from neural tissue to bone?
Definition
Pia mater: arachnoid mater: dura mater
Term
In response to stepping on a nail, the cross extensor reflex causes
Definition
Contralateral extension of the knee
Term
The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Definition
True
Term
The growth

-promoting functions of growth hormone rely partially on the activity of ________.
Definition
insulin

-like growth factors
Term
Insulin is secreted by the ________ cells of the pancreas and stimulates ________.
Definition
beta: anabolism
Term
During the absorptive state, the decrease in blood glucose acts to increase insulin.
Definition
False
Term
The ________ is a region of the diencephalon that provides an important link between the endocrine and nervous system.
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What region of the brain provides feedback control of voluntary movement to the motor program that was generated?
Definition
cerebellum
Term
Glucagon is secreted from ________ cells of the pancreas and stimulates ________.
Definition
alpha: catabolism
Term
During the postabsorptive state, blood levels of ________.
Definition
insulin decrease, whereas blood levels of glucagon increase
Term
Which of the following reflexes is a monosynaptic reflex found in the human body?
Definition
muscle spindle stretch reflex
Term
The efferent neurons that innervate skeletal muscle, and induce them to contract, originate from the ________.
Definition
ventral horn of spinal column
Term
In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
Definition
True
Term
Insulin
Definition
Peptide hormone secreted from beta cells of pancreas islets of Langerhans. Promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules(anabolic reactions). Promotes glucose uptake by body cells.
Term
Insulin secretion
Definition
Increases during abosorptive state. Increase glucose and amino acids in plasma. Secretion decreases in postabsorptive state.
Term
Glucagon secretion
Definition
Increases during postabsorptive state. Decreases during absorptive state. Increase glucose in plasma.
Term
Actions of glucagon
Definition
Mobilization of enery stores glycogenolysis, lipolysis. Synthesize new glucose. Catabolic hormone.
Term
If insulin increases then....
Definition
Glucagon decreases
Term
Normal blood glucose level
Definition
70-100mg/dL
Term
Hyperglycemia levels
Definition
>140mg/dL
Term
Hypoglycemia levels
Definition
<60mg/dL
Term
Hormones of growth
Definition
growth hormones, somatomedins(insulin-like growth factors), insulin, thyroid hormones(T3, T4), sex hormones(testosterone, estrogen)
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
Increase in cell SIZE
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
Increase in cell NUMBER.
Term
Factors increasing GHRH release.
Definition
Decrease in glucose and fatty acids plus increase in amino acids increases GHRH. Sleep, exercise, stress, circadian rhythm.
Term
What secretes calcitonin?
Definition
C cells
Term
Follicular cells
Definition
Synthesize thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are stored in colloid until secreted.
Term
T4
Definition
Most abundant form produces, lasts a long time(whole body), provides long loop negative feedback.
Term
T3
Definition
Not as much made, more active at target tissue. Activation at target tissue-->T4 converted to T3.
Term
Role of cortisol in stress response
Definition
Cortisol is a hormone of stress, mobilizes energy stores, suppresses immune response.
Term
Primary endocrine glands
Definition
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries(female), testes(male), placenta during pregnancy.
Term
Secondary endocrine glands
Definition
heart, stomach, liver, kidney, small intestines, skin
Term
Anterior pituitary
Definition
Adenohypophysis. Could take up to 24 hours, multiple steps.
Term
Posterior pituitay
Definition
Neurohypophysis. Has a quick reaction time, maybe 5 minutes.
Term
Tropic hormone
Definition
Affect release of another hormone. Releasing hormone or inhibiting hormone.
Term
Pineal gland
Definition
Glandular tissue in brain. Secretes melatonin, function unknown. May be involved in circadian rhythms.
Term
Hormones of the thyroid gland
Definition
T4=tetraiodothyronine, T3=triodothyronine-->They regulate metabolism.
Calcitonin-->regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Term
Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)
Definition
Regulates calcium levels in blood.
Term
Thymus
Definition
Secretes thymosine which regulates T cell(white blood cells or memory cells) functions. Thymus disintegrates around age 20. If you are born without a thymus then you have bubble boy syndome. You will be sick all the time because your body has no memory or getting a cold or cough so you will get it again.
Term
Mineralocorticoids(aldosterone)
Definition
Secreted from zonae glomerulosa(in adrenal gland), regulates sodium and potassium levels & water levels.
Term
Glucocorticoids(cortisol)
Definition
Secreted from zonae fasciculata and reticularis(in adrenal gland), regulates body's response to stress, and regulates metabolism.
Term
Sex hormones(androgens)
Definition
Secreted from zonae fasciculata and reticularis(in adrenal gland), regulates reproductive functions.
Term
Anatomy of the pancreas
Definition
Alpha cells==>secrete glucagon
Beta cells==>secrete insulin
Delta cells==>secrete somatostatin
F cells==>secrete pancreatic polypeptide
Term
Types of gated channels
Definition
Voltage-gated, Ligand(chemically)gated, Mechanically gated
Term
Phases of an action potential
Definition
Phase1: -70 to +30mV(depolarization)
Phase2: returing to resting point(-70)(repolarization
Phase3: Make more negative(hyperpolarization)
Term
Depolarization to treshold
Definition
Graded potentials bring membrane to threshold, threshold triggers-->rapid opening of sodium channels, regenerative mechanism, slow closing of sodium channels, slow opening of potassium channels.
Term
Suprathreshold
Definition
Significantly above threshold
Term
All-or-None principle
Definition
AKA:Threshold. An action potential will not happen unless threshold is reached.
Term
Refractory period
Definition
Period of time following an action potential. Marked by decreased excitability.
Term
Axon diameter
Definition
Larger-->less resistance, faster
Smaller-->more resistance, slower
Term
Myelination
Definition
Saltatory(to jump, leap)conduction, faster propagation. Gets to jump to Nodes of Ranveir-->faster
Term
Not myelinated
Definition
Has to hit every myelin sheath which means it is going to be slower.
Term
CNS
Definition
Brain and spinal cord. Contains 10 to the 11th power neurons, contains 10 to the 14th power synapses, responsible for everything we preceive, do, feel, and think.
Term
CNS Physical support: from skull to brain
Definition
Dura mater(leather-like)
Arachnoid(full of vessels and fluid)
Pia mater(like ceran wrap to lock in moisture)
Term
What are the holes in the brain called and how many are there?
Definition
Ventricles, 4
Term
Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
Definition
Extracellular fluid of the CNS, secreted by ependymal cells of the choriod plexus, circulates to subarachnoid space and ventricles, reabsorbed by arachnoid villi. Functions: Cushions brain, maintains stable interstitial fluid environment.
Term
Are gray and white matter myelinated?
Definition
Gray is not myelinated, white is myelinated.
Term
Where is the primary location of commissural fibers?
Definition
Corpus callosum
Term
Sensory and motor nerves
Definition
Sensory=dorsal, Afferent
Motor=ventral, Efferent
Term
Forebrain(subdivisions)
Definition
Cerebrum-->Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei
Diencephalon-->Thalamus, hypothalamus
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Bilaterally symmetrical, cortex and nuclei, Functions: Motor coordination and balance, Coordination of eye and body movements.
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Connects forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord.
Midbrain connects to forebrain.
Pons connects to cerebellum.
Medulla connects to spinal cord.
Process center for 10 of 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
Same side
Term
Contralateral
Definition
Opposite side
Term
As we age do we add or lose motor neurons?
Definition
We add them, think newborn versus adult. As a newborn we can't walk, but as an adult we can walk, run ....
Term
What controls our posture?
Definition
Brainstem exerts involuntary control over posture via extraphramidal tracts.
Term
Input to brainstem comes from what?
Definition
Skin receptors, eyes, ears, proprioceptors, vestibular apparatus
Term
Motor coordination and the cerebellum
Definition
It is critical to motor coordination, feedback controls motor funtions, contributes to muscle tone, stores programs for remembering activities
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
Primary function is to regulate organs to maintain homeostasis. Made up of parasympathetic and sypathetic.
Term
Parasypathetic nervous system
Definition
Rest and digest
Long pre
Short post
Term
Sypathetic nervous system
Definition
Stress(fight or flight)
Short pre
Long post
Term
Cranial nerve is also know as what?
Definition
Vagus nerve. Originates in medulla oblogata. Does work for EVERY organ in the body. Vagus nerve is doing all the work while body is at rest(parasympathetic)
Term
Preganglionic neurons originate where?
Definition
Thoracolumbar spinal cord
Term
General anatomy
Definition
Short preganglionic neurons to sympathetic chain. Long postganglionic neurons from chain to effector organs. Ganglia linked together in sympathetic chain. Exception to rule: Collateral ganglia-outside chain, adrenal medulla
Term
Adrenal medulla
Definition
Generate epi and noraepi and are called chromaffin cells.
Term
Preganglionic
Definition
Exits via ventral root of spinal cord and enters spinal nerve. Axons leave spinal nerve as White ramus and enter sympathetic ganglia. Communicate in ganglia with postganglionic neurons.
Term
Postganglionic
Definition
Leave ganglia as gray ramus and re-enter spinal nerve. Travel to effector organ in spinal nerve
Term
Parasypathetic pathways
Definition
Cranial and sacral mediated
Term
All preganglionic neurons release what?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
Catecholamines are made up of what?
Definition
80% epinephrine
20% norepinephrine
Little dopamine(not significant)
Term
Nicotinic cholinergic receptors
Definition
Open channels for cations(Na+ and K+)
Results=depolarization
Faster-sympathetic
Term
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors
Definition
G protein coupled
Effects depends on target cell
Slower-parasypathetic
Term
Beta1, 2, 3
Definition
Beta1=heart
Beta2=lungs
Beta3=Fat
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