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Dr. Kingsley's PE220
Test #1
63
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
09/13/2012

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Cards

Term
Which of the following is an amphipathic molecule?
Definition
integral membrane protein
Term
If the direction of the net flux of an ion is against its electrochemical gradient, then that transport is passive.
Definition
False
Term
Of the gradients listed below, which is the most accurate description of the force that ultimately determines the movement of ions across the membrane?
Definition
electrochemical gradient
Term
Which of the following pairs of characteristics is more likely to make a substance diffuse through the cell membrane?
Definition
small, non

-polar molecule
Term
In facilitated diffusion, ________.
Definition
a molecule is moved with its concentration gradient with the assistance of a protein carrier molecule, and no energy is required
Term
What organelle synthesizes most of the ATP used by cells?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Where is the genetic code stored?
Definition
nucleus
Term
When molecules are passively transported across a membrane, the direction of their movement is dictated by the molecule's tendency to move ________.
Definition
from higher to lower energy
Term
Which of the following is an example of an endogenous fat from an exogenous source?
Definition
triglycerides
Term
Which of the following organelles is specialized for lipid and steroid synthesis?
Definition
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Term
What organelle packages proteins into secretory vesicles?
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
Molecules with a relatively high lipid solubility are capable of crossing the membrane ________.
Definition
directly across the lipid bilayer
Term
Anabolism describes the breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules.
Definition
False
Term
In facilitated diffusion, the carrier protein has equal affinity for the molecule being transported on both sides of the membrane.
Definition
True
Term
When proteins are synthesized by ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where does the translation begin?
Definition
cytosol
Term
The concentration of an anion inside a cell is 0.3%. The concentration of this anion outside the cell is 0.1%. How could the cell obtain more of this ion outside the cell?
Definition
passive transport
Term
The sodium proton exchanger is an example of a(n) ______.
Definition
antiporter
Term
Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy?
Definition
both primary and secondary active transport
Term
Endocrine glands secrete neurohormones
Definition
False
Term
In secondary active transport with sodium, which of the following is FALSE?
Definition
The molecule being transported moves down its electrochemical gradient.
Term
Primary active transporters are similar to carriers, with the exception that they are able to use energy to move ions against their electrochemical gradient.
Definition
True
Term
Receptors for lipophilic chemical messengers are only located on the surface of a cell's membrane.
Definition
False
Term
What is a molecule that is similar in structure to a messenger and binds with that messenger's receptor to stimulate a response from the target cell called?
Definition
agonist
Term
Which type of chemical messenger is released into the bloodstream by an endocrine gland where it can affect target cells throughout the body?
Definition
hormone
Term
Vesicles formed during phagocytosis or endocytosis often fuse with the membrane of which of the following organelles?
Definition
lysosome
Term
Which type of chemical messenger is released from the axon terminal of a neuron and directly communicates with other cells?
Definition
neurotransmitter
Term
Which of the following classes of chemical messengers travels in the bloodstream to the target cell?
Definition
hormone only
Term
Catecholamines are derived from what amino acid?
Definition
tyrosine
Term
Which type of chemical messenger, when released, binds to receptors on the cell that released the chemical messenger?
Definition
autocrine
Term
Which of the following correctly describes phagocytosis?
Definition
Cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria, by phagocytosis.
Term
Ligand
Definition
a chemical messenger
Term
Source
Definition
Cells which produce ligand
Term
Target
Definition
Has receptors for and responds to messenger
Source->Ligand->Target
Term
Autocrine
Definition
Chemical that signals the same cell that secreted it (source and target are the same)
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
Messenger produced by neurons. Released into the ECF of synaptic cleft
Term
Hormone
Definition
Messenger produced by endocrine cells. Secreted into the blood via interstitial fluid.
Term
Neurohormone
Definition
Messenger produced by neurons. Secreted into blood via interstitial fluid
Term
Amines
Definition
Example: Catecholamines which are derived by Tyrosine. Most are lipophobic, except thyroid hormones. Target receptors on cell membrane. Made or derived from an amino acid. Contains an amine group.
Term
Steroid ligands
Definition
lipophilic. Intracellular target receptors. Derived from Cholesterol. All steroid ligands function as hormones.
Term
Steroids
Definition
Synthesized on demand. Derived from cholesterol molecules. All steroid ligands are similar.
Term
Agonist
Definition
Chemical which binds to receptor. Actions mimics normal response.
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Chemical which binds to receptors. Binding does not result in response. Competes with normal ligand.
Term
Channel-linked receptors
Definition
Fast ligand-gated channels. Receptor and channel are same protein. Action is direct. Binding of ligand causes channel to open or close. Change in transport of ions through channel causes target response.
Term
Enzyme-linked receptors
Definition
Receptor and enzyme are same protein. Ligand binding activates enzyme. Action is direct. Activated enzyme cause target response. Examples: Tyrosine kinases and guanylate cyclases
Term
G Protein-linked receptors
Definition
Regulatory proteins. Link ECF messenger to ion channels or amplifier enzymes. ECF messenger=first messenger(ligand). They are everywhere in the body, they regulate everything.
Term
G Protein second messenger
Definition
Intracellular messenger. Triggered by first messenger(ligand) activating G protein. Amplifier enzyme activates second messenger production.
Term
Types of second messengers
Definition
Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, inositol(IP3), Diacetylglucerol(DAG), Calcium ions
Term
Synapse
Definition
Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ.
Term
How much in the body is DIRECTLY related to the sodium/potassium pump?
Definition
20%
Term
How much of the body is INDIRECTLY related to the sodium/potassium pump?
Definition
80%
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Definition
Functions in lipid synthesis, including triglycerides and steroids. Stores calcium. Specialized in some cells (Liver smooth er contains detoxification enzymes)
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
Definition
Functions in synthesis of proteins to be packaged into vescicles. Exported out of cell. Incorporated into plasma membrane. Destined for certain organelles.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Basic structure of membrane. Barrier to passage of water-soluble substances between ICF and ECF. Provides fluidity to membrane.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Adds fluidity to membrane. interferes with hydrophobic interations between phospholipids. Prevents crystallization of phospholipid. Decreases permeability of membrane to water.
Term
Integral membrane proteins
Definition
Amphipathic. To isolate, the membrane must be disrupted.
Term
Peripheral membrane proteins
Definition
Easily cut out of membrane because it is only on the outer surface of membrane. Most located on the cytosolic side. Most are part of the cytoskeleton.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Made up of Nuclear envelope, nulear pores, nucleolus. Function: transmission of expression of genetic info. Contains DNA-stores genetic code. DNA transcribes to RNA-necessary to express code.
Term
Cytosol(fluid of the cell)
Definition
Cytoplasm contains the cytosol, and organelles. Function: location of specific chemical reactions. Storeage of fat, carbohydrates as inclusions. Storage of secretory vesicles.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Functions: Post-translational prcessing of proteins. Packaging of proteins(and other molecules) into vescicles and directing them to target.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Functions: "power house" of cell(generates ATP). Enzymes of Krebs cycle in matrix. Electron transport chain on cristea of inner membrane.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Functions: contain enzymes that degrade cellular or extracellular debris. (endocytosis, phagocytosis)
Term
Anabolism
Definition
synthesis
Term
Catabolism
Definition
To breakdown
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