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| The literal dictionary meaning of a word or phrase |
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| the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase |
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| words that refer to tangible objects |
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| words that refer to ideas or concepts |
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| discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea |
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| the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas |
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| an explicit comparison introduced with the word "like" or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common |
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| a trite or overused expression |
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| an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word, "like" or "as", between 2 things that are essentially different yet have something in common |
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| the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words |
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| the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences |
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| reiteration of the same word or phrase at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences |
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| repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words |
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| the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure |
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| language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual preference, or other factors |
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| the use of "he" to refer to both men and women |
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| communication based on a person's use of voice and body rather than on th use of words |
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| a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience |
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| a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation |
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| a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes |
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| presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed |
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| the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice |
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| the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice |
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| changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice |
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| constant pitch or tone of voice |
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| the speed at which a person speaks |
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| a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech |
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| a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" "er" and "um" |
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| changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness |
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| the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language |
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| the physical production of particular speech sounds |
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| the variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary |
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| the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication |
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| motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech |
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| an object usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. |
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| a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns |
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| a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space |
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| a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns. |
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| a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among 2 or more items |
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| a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form. |
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| a visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector |
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| a speech that combines several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk |
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| a complete set of type of the same design |
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| the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions |
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| mental dialogue with the audience |
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| the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech |
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| the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade |
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| a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion |
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| a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action |
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| a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken |
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| speech to gain passive agreement |
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| a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy |
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| speech to gain immediate action |
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| a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy |
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| the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? |
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| the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary |
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| the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem? |
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| the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems? |
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| a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. |
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| Problem-Cause-Solution order |
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| a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point indentifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem |
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| comparative advantages order |
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| a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. |
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| Monroe's motivated sequence |
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| a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. |
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| the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility |
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| the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. the 2 major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competance and character. |
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| the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak. |
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| the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech |
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| the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech |
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| a technique in which a speaker connects himsf or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience |
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| supporting materials used to prove or disprove something |
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| the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the 2 major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning |
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| the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence |
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| reasoning from specific instances |
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| reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion |
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| an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence |
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| reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion |
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| reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects |
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| an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. this error is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning "after this therefore because of this" |
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| reasoning in which a speaker compares 2 similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second |
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| an analogy in which the 2 cases being compared are not essentially alike |
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| a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion |
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| a fallacy that attacks the person rather then dealing with the real issue in dispute |
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| a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between 2 alternatives when more than 2 alternatives exist |
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| a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable |
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| a fallacy that assumes that taking that first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented |
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| the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal |
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| a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience |
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| a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition |
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| a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition |
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| a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea. |
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| a collection of 3 to 12 people who assemble for a specific purpose |
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| problem-solving small group |
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| a small group formed to solve a particular problem |
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| the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group |
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| a group member to whom other members defer because of his or her rank, expertise, or other quality |
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| a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations |
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| a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed. |
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| routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group |
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| substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task. |
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| communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group |
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| a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole |
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| reflective thinking method |
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| a five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group |
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| a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken |
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| standards on which a judgment or decision can be based |
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| a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts |
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| a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group |
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| a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group |
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| a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic |
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| a structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience |
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