Term
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Definition
| health conditions characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior associated with distress or/and impaired functioning |
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Term
| how common is mental illness? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| poor self concept, self actualization is not reached |
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Term
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Definition
| unresolved childhood conflict =>anxiety=>extreme use of defense mechanisms=>maladaptive behviour/mental illness |
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Term
| vulnerability-stress model |
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Definition
| vulnerability=predisposition.. stressor+vulnerability=disorder |
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Term
| potential legal consequences of dianostic labelling |
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Definition
| involuntary commitment, loss of civil rights, indefinite detainment |
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Term
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Definition
| clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in their diagnostic decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| diagnostic categories should accurately capature the essential features of the various disorders |
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Term
| what type of reliatbility is most important for the DSM? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many major diagnostic classes does the DSM have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| personality disorders and mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| general medical conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosocial and environment problems |
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Term
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Definition
| global assessment of functioning |
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Term
| how do assessments take place? |
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Definition
| interviews, behavioural evaluations, psychological testing, rule out medical causes |
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Term
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Definition
| anorexia nervosa, Qigong-meditation psychosis, ego-dystonic homosexuality, koro=excessive in men of penis shrinking |
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Term
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Definition
| physical sensations - heart racing, palms sweating, feel removed from situation.. thoughts - irrational thoughts, worry.. emotions - fear, scared, tension apprehension.. behaviours - avoidance of certain situations with drugs/alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to situations that trigger them, it interferes with daily life (dysfunction) |
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Term
| are anxiety disorders more common in males or females? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of learning is responsible for some phobias? |
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Definition
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Term
| biological theories of anxiety |
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Definition
| genetic predisposition, over reactivity to negative stimuli, low levels of inhibitory GABA activity in arousal areas |
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Term
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Definition
| strong irrational fear of specific object, develop during childhood, seldom go away on their own, adults know the fear is irrational |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of social situations, primary concern is being embarrassed, avoidance of social situations, significantly interferes with functioning, general or specific |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| state of diffuse (free floating anxiety), excessive and uncontrollable worry, cognitive, not tied to specific situation, feeling that "something bad" will happen. 5% of ppl |
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Term
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Definition
| intense fear or discomfort, physiological, cued or uncued, sudden onset of several symptoms, palpitations, racing heart, sweating, trembling, feeling of choking, chest pain** occasional panic attacks are common |
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Term
| panic disorder with agoraphobia |
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Definition
| reccurent UNEXPECTED panic attacks, plus concern of future attacks and fear of being in places where escape is not possible if panic occured |
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Term
| panic disorder without agoraphobia |
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Definition
| same symptoms but not fear of public spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive component, repetitive thoughts to deal with these thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| behavioural component of obsessions, repetitive behaviours |
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Term
| In OCD, compulsions reduce anxiety, they are a form of: a) negative reinforcement b)negative reinforcement c)positive reinforcement |
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Definition
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Term
| post traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| exposure to traumatic event, symptoms: anxiety, distress, reexperiencing of trauma, avoidance and becoming numb to the world |
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Term
| treatment of anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| medication (xanax, beta blockers as needed), behavioral treatments work best (flooding, exposure +response prevention, systematic desensitization, hierarchy of anxiety) cognitive approaches (GAD and panic disorder - challenge irrational thinking) |
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Term
| anorexia biological factors |
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Definition
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Term
| common comorbid conditions of eating disorders |
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Definition
| depression, sexual abuse, obsessive compulsive disorder, substance abuse, bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ^severe mania- hypomania - euthymia - dysthymia - severe depression |
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Term
| somatic and cognitive symptoms of depression |
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Definition
| change in sleep, change in appetite/weight, decreased energy, difficulty concentrating |
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Term
| differences in mania and hypomania |
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Definition
| hypomania does not impair functioning and is shorter (few days rather than weeks to months) |
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Term
| what happens after first major depressive episode? |
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Definition
| 50% recovery and recurrence, 40% recovery and no relapse, 10 % no recovery (dysthymia) |
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Term
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Definition
| less severe than MDD, but lasts longer, 2 years, no mania, |
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Term
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Definition
| 10-15% new moms, negative mood, angry at baby, risk of suicide or future episodes of depression |
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Term
| impact on child of postpartum depression |
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Definition
| insecure attachment - less able in coping strategies, more fussy, poorer outlook for mental health.. slower development - cognitive/mental and motor .. more behaviour problems and sleep problems |
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Term
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Definition
| thought disorder, delusions and hallucinations, agitation, 4 weeks after birth and 18-24 months after birth, rare - 1 in 1000 |
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Term
| learning theory of causing depression |
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Definition
| lewinsohn's behavioural model - due to decreased positive reinforcement or increased punishment |
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Term
| aaron beck - cognitive theory |
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Definition
| depressive triad - negative view of self, environmnet/world, and future.. automatic negative thoughts, attribute bad things to self, good things to outside causes |
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Term
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Definition
| seligman's dogs didn't even try to escape once they learned that they couldn't at first - in people negative events seem unavoidable |
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Term
| biological factors of depression |
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Definition
| genetics, lack of neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine are relative with reward |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive behavioural therapy, medications (SSRIs, atypicals could effect dopamine or norepi), ECT (shock), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulus) |
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Term
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Definition
| physical complaints, but no known physical cause, not voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms that affect motor or sensory function, psychological stressors often precede, often implausible from a medical standpoint, more common during war times "la belle indifference" |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive fears of having or believing you have a serious disease, not delusional, last for at least 6 months, |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme preoccupation with imagined defect in appearance or slight physical nomally, 7-15% seek cosmetic surgery |
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Term
| causes of somatoform disorders |
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Definition
| no clear answers, genetics, suggestible, history of abuse, psychological symptoms may not be acceptable, but physical symptoms are OK |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of memory, identity, consciousness or perception, not due to medical condition or toxic substance |
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Term
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Definition
| extensive, but selective, inability to recall important personal information, usually presents as gap in memory of life history |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden, unexpected travel away from home, forget who they are, inability to recall one's past, rarely change identity, could last hours to months |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| multiple personality, controversial |
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Term
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Definition
| dug out repressed memories, coerced by therapists, developed 120 personalities |
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Term
| key feature of dissociative disorder is |
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Definition
| disruption in memory or identity |
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Term
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Definition
| brain-based disorder, in which an individual has some kind of distortion of or loss of contact with reality, usually involves hallucinations or delusions |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptual experiences that can affect any sensory modality |
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Term
| negative symptoms of psychosis |
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Definition
| absense of normal respsonses, affect flattening (few emotions) alogia (limited communication) avolition (inability to complete tasks) |
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Term
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Definition
| severe disruption in thought and language, perception, emotion and mood, behaviour and social functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated |
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Term
| brain abnormalities in schizo |
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Definition
| atrophy, dopamine overactivity, glutamate underactivity, thalamus abnormal activity |
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Term
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Definition
| goals: symptom reduction, prevention of secondary problems, restoration of social and occupational |
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Term
| pharmacological interventions of schizo |
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Definition
| conventional antipsychotics(decrease dopamine), atypical antipsychotics (target dopamine receptors with fewer side effects) |
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Term
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Definition
| stable, ingrained, inflexible and maladaptive way sof thinking, feeling, behaving, not diagnosed in kids, |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| disregard for violation of rights of others, break law, deceitfulness, impulsive, irritable, irresponsible, more in males, frequent among prisoners, lack of conscious, charming, manipulative |
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Term
| causes of antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| genetic predisposition, lack of response to aversive stimuli, lack of superego, no conditioned fear responses, modeling for aggression, don't think about long term consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self image and emotions, impulsive, avoidance of abandonment, all or nothing approach to relationships, self harm, |
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Term
| childhood categories in DSM |
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Definition
| mental retardation, learning, motor skills, communication, feeding and eating disorders of infancy, tic, disorders, elimination disorders, separation |
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Term
| diagnostic considerations in children |
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Definition
| developmental age, intellectual ability, expression of symptoms (behaviour), treatment important for now and later |
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Term
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Definition
| inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity.. need 2 or more of these. male/female ratio is 4:1 |
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Term
| oppositional defiant disorder |
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Definition
| loses temper, argues with adults, deliberately annoys, blames others, inconsistent parenting |
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Term
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Definition
| violates rights of others or societal norms/rules, shown in aggression to ppl or animals |
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Term
| very few children develop CD without haveing ODD, very few adults develop antisocial personality without CD |
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Definition
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Term
| stages of disruptive behaviour |
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Definition
| 1-difficult child, low self esteem, poor parental monitoring 2- depressed mood, peer rejection 3 - deviant peer group, substance abuse |
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Term
| pervasive development disorders |
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Definition
| autism, neurodevelopmental disorders, 40-55% also have intellectual disability, evident before 3 yrs. |
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Term
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Definition
| social impairments, impaired communication, [compulsive, ritualistic, repetitive behaviours] |
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Term
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Definition
| repeat what others say, don't understand pronouns usually |
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Term
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Definition
| higher functioning than autism, no age of onset criteria, no delay in formal language, still have social impairments and compulsive repetitive behaviours |
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Term
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Definition
| applied behavioural analysis, pivotal response therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple cognitive deficits including memory, plus the impairment of language, motor skills, or general knowledge |
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Term
| therapeutic relationship non specific factors |
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Definition
| attention, credibility, treatment expectations, increased optimism, therapeutic alliance |
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Term
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Definition
| client responds irrationally to therapist, as if from the past, positive transference (feelings of affection) ,negative transference (irrational expressions of anger) |
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Term
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Definition
| Activating event, Belief system, Consequences , Disputing or challenging maladaptive emotions |
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Term
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Definition
| focused largely on automatic thoughts |
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Term
| important features of random clinical trial |
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Definition
| randomization, blinding, manualized, |
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Term
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Definition
| a treatment already known to be efficacious |
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Term
| 3 important interrelated therapist attributes, humanistic |
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Definition
| unconditional positive regard, empathy, genuineness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cognitive approach to therapy |
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Definition
| irrational and self defeating thought patterns, and therapists who employ this approach try to help clients discover and change the cognitions |
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Term
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Definition
| client is asked to imagine scenes involving the aversive stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| new response that is incompatible with anxiety is conditioned to the anxiety arousing conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to a hierarchy of real life situations |
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Term
| 3 factors affecting outcome of therapy |
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Definition
| client openness, self relatedness, nature of problem fits therapy |
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Term
| 3 types of antidepressants |
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Definition
| tricyclics, MAO inhibitors, SSRIs |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrollable adn grotesque movements of the face and tongue, seen in psychosis drug treatment |
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