Term
| Family Problems that children in high-conflict homes experience |
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Definition
1. Behavioral & Emotional Disturbances
2. Social & Interpersonal Problems
3. Impairments in Thought Processes |
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Term
| Family problems that children in HIGH-CONFLICT homes experience |
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Definition
1. Parental Depression
2. Child Abuse
3. Marital Disruption |
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Term
| What is the hallmark of distressed marriages? |
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Definition
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Term
| How might spouses react to marital problems? |
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Definition
1. Indifference
2.Withdrawal
3. Disengagement |
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Term
| What are some causes of Marital Distress? |
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Definition
1. Incompatibility
2. Perceptions on how things "should be"
3. Communication Breakdown: Problems sending and receiving messages
4. Behavioral COntingencies |
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Term
| What long term effects of Marital Anger and Apathy? |
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Definition
1. Marital Anger/Apathy
2. Mechanisms: Failure to resolve problems, A sense of helplessness, Negative spousal thoughts
3. Gender Differences in Conflict Styles |
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Term
| What is the good way to fight? |
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Definition
1. Negotiate & Compromise
2. |
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Term
| How to get to a Successful Resolutions? |
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Definition
1. Establish a mutual Awareness
2. Communication Skills
3. Giving the Benefit of the Doubt
4. Confidence in Ability to Work out Problems
5. Controlling Arousal Levels |
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Term
| What does Gottman argue is the key to relational success? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Gottman, is there a "perfect type" or " type" of relationship? if so what is it? |
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Definition
| NO PERFECT STYLE/TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP |
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Term
| Explain Gottman's "Law's of Nature" |
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Definition
| 5:1 Ratio--> Satisfied couples are those who maintain this ratio of positive to negative behaviors, regardless of their relationship type ( validating, volatile, conflict avoiding), measured scientifically |
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Term
| What are Gottman's Four Processes or his Four Horseman |
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Definition
I. Criticism: " your a snob!"
II. Defensiveness: " ya...but" Cross complaining
III. Contempt: " your a bitch!"
V. Stonewalling: Withdrawing, shutting down
* APOCALYPSE AT THE FOURTH STAGE |
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Term
| What is the basic Demand/Withdraw Pattern? |
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Definition
| When one person is a relationship complains or nags while the other person withdraws |
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Term
| Negative Outcomes associated with Demand/Withdraw |
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Definition
| Ongoing marital dissatisfaction, Predicts decline of marital dissatisfaction over time, Divorce, Physical abuse, depression, poor conflict management, unhappy children, stress, intrusive thoughts, etc |
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Term
| Gender Difference Perspective |
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Definition
* Explains why WDHW occurs more than HDWW
( women are socialized to be more relationship orientated than men) |
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Term
| Social Structure Perspective |
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Definition
| difference in behavior btwn men/women is bc of relative power in relationships. Men have more power & status in North American Culture. Therefore, men expect their status to stay the same while in a relationship with a men, while women demand by seeking change of power in the relationship. |
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Term
| Conflict Structure Perspective |
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Definition
| Individual's different positions on different issues dictate whether they will be a person who demands or withdraws. When someone in the relationship wants change, they demand. When the other person wants the status quo, they withdraw |
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Term
| The Multiple Goals Perspective of Demand/Withdraw states what |
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Definition
( instrumental (primary), identity goals, relational goals)
* There are multiple ways in which demand/withdraw happens
* Goals can interchange back and forth within even one encounter |
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Term
| Types of Demand/Withdraw Pattern |
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Definition
1. Discuss/exit: one person seeks discussion while other avoids discussion through physical or communicative exit
2. Socratic question/perfunctor response: When D asks question & W offers expected response
3. Complain/Deny: when D complains about partner's behavior a& W challenges how legitimate the complaint is.
4. Criticize/Defend: the D criticizes the W while the W responds by justifying the criticized behavior |
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Term
| LYOYD and Frequency of Conflict results |
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Definition
1. distressed couple: 1 conflict per day
2. Non distressed couple: 1 conflict/ 5 days
3. 25 premarital couples: 4.6 conflicts/14 days
4. married couples 1-3 conflict/ month |
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Term
| Lloyd and Cate & Development Course of Conflict |
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Definition
1. 22 married couples found that stage between casual and serious relationship had most conflict
* When commitment and interdependence in relationship rose, so did conflict |
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Term
| Example of a Specific/Concrete Behavior conflict |
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Definition
| " He leaves the cap off of the shampoo bottle" |
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Term
| Example of a Relationship Rule & norm conflict |
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Definition
| " He doesn't call if he is running late" |
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Term
| Example of personality traits conflict |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the Dimensions of Conflict Behavior? |
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Definition
1. Engagement vs. Avoidance (Demand/withdraw sequence)
2. Positivity vs Negativity of Affect(General behavior to one another)
3.Constructive vs Destructive for Parties' Relationship ( complaining/criticism) |
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Term
| What are the Conflict Management Behaviors in terms of Relational Quality? |
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Definition
1. Aggregates of Conflict and Outcomes (anything that provokes or starts conflict and the negative feelings that come with conflict)
2. Distressed vs Non distressed Couples: distressed couples more intense negative behaviors and cross complaining
3. Longitudinal Research: Gottman and Krokoff summarized : wives should confront disagreement and husband should engage in conflict |
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Term
| Gottman and Krokoff & Longitudinal Research |
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Definition
| Wives should confront disagreement and husbands should engage in conflict |
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Term
| What is the factor that influences Conflict Management? ( Relational context for conflict interaction?) |
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Definition
1. Traditional, independents, separate-tapes of marriages
2. Conflict-minimizer, volatile, validating-couple types
3. Episodic Context for Conflict Interaction |
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Term
| What is the function of Conflict? |
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Definition
| functions as means of negotiating important issues and styles of interdependence |
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Term
| A level of _______ is often increased with prolonged exposure to inter marital background conflict for children. |
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Definition
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Term
| Inderect Effects of Marital Discord on Children |
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Definition
| 1. Can cause parents to be less consistent & effective in their parenting behaviors |
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Term
| Direct effects of Marital discord on Children |
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Definition
1.May influence emotional distress in children.
2. Children may become involved in the parent's disputes
3. Conflicts may elicit angry or aggressive displays, which over time can contribute to the development of dysfunctional behavior patterns in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angry interactions between adults that children observe as bystanders |
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Term
| Behavioral Responses to background Anger |
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Definition
1. Overt motor responses: crying, freezing, facial distress, distressed body movements, anxiety
2. Children are able to discriminate anger from other emotions |
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Term
| Self-Report because of background anger |
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Definition
1. Children often report sadness/anger
2. Fear
3. guilt, shame, worry ( especially if conflict revolves children's behavior) |
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Term
| Somatic Responses to background anger |
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Definition
| Children's heart rate and blood pressure often increase or are in some way affected by an adult's background anger |
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Term
| According to Gottman, it is more destructive to family relationships if you leave the problem unresolved. True/False |
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Definition
| TRUE-- Parental and family conflict is normal |
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Term
| According to Gottman, Greater frequency of marital conflict is associated with what |
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Definition
| ..Difficulties with children: Distress, insecurity, anger, |
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Term
| True/False.. Intensity, severity, and destructiveness is more significant than frequency with it comes to Marital Conflict |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of INTENSITY and Marital Conflict |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of Content and Physical Abuse |
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Definition
| Name calling, actual verbalization |
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Term
| Resolution and Marital Conflict |
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Definition
**Most important aspect to children when ti comes to parental conflict
1. Observable Resolution
2. Resolution Behind Closed Doors
3. Explained Resolution
3. Mixed-message Resolution: nonverbals |
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Term
| What are the two models of Anger Expression |
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Definition
1. Inter adult Physical Aggression
2. Nonverbal Anger |
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Term
| Explanation of marital conflict and effects on children |
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Definition
| Responsibility, blame, emotional problems |
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Term
| Gottman & Katz and Spillover |
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Definition
Marital relationships spillover to parent-child conflict
1. Marital discord linked to fathers withdrawing from parenting roles, which cause children to become more aggressive
2. In turn, Mothers reject parenting role which causes children to internalize behavior |
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Term
Marital Conflict and Parenting
a. Emotional Negativity in Parenting
b. Problems in Child Management |
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Definition
A. Overt hostility toward the child, Withdrawal and neglect of the child
B. hostility, anger, disorganization, embellishment, |
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Term
| Marital Conflict and Parenting: problems include.. |
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Definition
* Family disorganization,
* dependency between family members
* maladaptive child rearing practices increase conflict within family, hostility in parenting and marital relations are interrelated |
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Term
| Dimensions of Attachments: secure attachment and CHILD |
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Definition
| Uses caregiver as a secure base for exploration. Protests caregiver's departure and seeks proximity and is comforted on return, returning to exploration. May be comforted by the stranger but shows clear preference for the caregiver. |
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Term
| Dimensions of Attachments: secure attachment and PARENT |
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Definition
| Responds appropriately, promptly and consistently to needs. |
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Term
| Dimensions of Attachment: insecure-avoidant and CHILD |
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Definition
| Little affective sharing in play. Little or no distress on departure, little or no visible response to return, ignoring or turning away with no effort to maintain contact if picked up. Treats the stranger similarly to the caregiver. |
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Term
| Dimensions of Attachment: insecure-avoidant and PARENT |
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Definition
| Little or no response to distressed child. Discourages crying and encourages independence. |
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Term
| Dimensions of Attachment: insecure-ambivalent/resistant and CHILD |
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Definition
| Unable to use caregiver as a secure base, seeking proximity before separation occurs. Distressed on separation with ambivalence, anger, reluctance to warm to caregiver and return to play on return. Preoccupied with caregiver's availability, seeking contact but resisting angrily when it is achieved. Not easily calmed by stranger. |
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Term
| Dimensions of Attachment: insecure-ambivalent/resistant and PARENT |
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Definition
| Inconsistent between appropriate and neglectful responses. |
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Term
| Marital Conflict and Attachment: Processes and Mechanisms- Representations of relationships: INTERNAL WORKING MODEL |
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Definition
| The internal working model is how we view/what we believe about ourselves, others and the world. It influences what we expect of and from ourselves, others and the world in general and directs how we respond. It begins to form as soon as we are born and is based on experiences with others and the outcomes of our efforts. |
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Term
| Children Cognition and Family conflict |
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Definition
1. Views of Self- Low self worth and self-esteem linked to negativity, criticism, conflict within parent-child relationship
b. understanding social enviroment |
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Term
| Child's Temperament: Difficult |
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Definition
| less sensitive to positive aspects and more prone to negative aspects int he social world |
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Term
| Children Temperament: Easy |
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Definition
| more sensitive to positive aspects and less reactive to negative aspects in the social world |
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Term
| Interrelations in Family Subsystem : Empirical Findings |
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Definition
1. Parenting and attachment
2. marital conflict and Parenting
3. Marital Conflict and Attatchment |
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Term
| Processes and Mechanisms of Interparental conflict and Family |
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Definition
1. Arousal and Dysregulation
2. Modeling, Contingencies and reinforcements
3. Cognitive Processes |
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Term
| Alcoholism and children/parents and Family LAW |
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Definition
Family LAW: Don't talk about real issue
Children: 1. Feel they won't be believed, sense of betrayal towards their parent, Loyalty tot heir parents.
Parent will rationalize alcoholic behavior, then blame themselves for not controlling the alcoholic |
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Term
| CONGNATIVE APPROACH: Developmental Theory |
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Definition
| How individual development relates to conflict management - foundation for understanding children and adolescent conflict |
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Term
| CONGNATIVE APPROACH: Social Exchange Theory |
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Definition
| Conflict occurs because parties share outcomes and are dependent on the others behavior to achieve resources |
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Term
| CONGNATIVE APPROACH: Attribution Theory |
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Definition
| Focuses on attributions that partners make for each others behaviors |
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Term
| CONGNATIVE APPROACH: Interactional Approaches |
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Definition
| Analyzes observed sequences of conflict behaviors |
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Term
| Advantages of Self-Report |
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Definition
1. Provide estimate of the experience
2. Maximize ecological validity-provides insight into real activities
3. Efficient way to collect data |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Self-Report |
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Definition
1. Perceptual biases and distortions( Fundamental attribution Error, Negativity Bias)
2. Social desirability response bias
3. Cannot accurately represent the dyadic process of the communication |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| placing a heavy emphasis on internal personality characteristics to explain someone's behavior in a given situation, rather than thinking about external situational factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| negative experience, or fear of bad events has a far greater impact on people than do neutral experiences or even positive experiences. Humans are thus biased toward behaving in a manner that will avoid negative experiences, and are much more likely to recall and be influenced by negative experiences of the past. |
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Term
| Methods of Studying Conflict |
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Definition
| Self Report & Observational Approaches |
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Term
| Content of Self report measures.. |
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Definition
| perceptions of behavior as well as attitudes and beliefs |
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Term
| Observational Procedures are where.. |
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Definition
| couples have a conversation and their behaviors are coded by researchers |
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Term
| Advantages of Observational Approaches |
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Definition
1. Sequential analysis allow for probabilities of behaviors
2. Sequential analysis provides information than just calculating frequencies of behavior
3. Demonstrates precisely where positive and negative behaviors occur
4. Less subject to perceptual distortion, social desirability and common method variance |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Observational Approaches |
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Definition
1. Issues with Validity- Do the behaviors they code really reflect what they are trying to measure?
2. Ecological Validity-Labs are artificial
3. Observational Methods Vary
4. Take lots of resources-time and money |
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Term
| Dimensions for Characterizing Definitions |
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Definition
1. Nonepisodic/nonspecific
2. Episodic/Non specific
3.Non episodic/Specific
Specific- there's a certain behavior they do when in conflict
Episodic- The conflict has a situation
4. Episodic/Specific |
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