Term
| What is a glacial maximum and when did the last one occur? |
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Definition
20,000 years ago
When the glaciers are at their maximum mass. Lower sea levels and more light is reflected back into the atmosphere. |
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Term
| What was the lowest sea level during the last ice age? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of evidence suggests people arrived in Australia before 100,000 years ago? |
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Definition
Fire, burned land and vegetation.
Increase in fire resistent plants, increase in charcoal. |
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Term
| Name two ways in which the first migrants may have explored Australia? |
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Definition
- Coastal route
- River highway that goes inland
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Term
| What do the 42,000 year old burials at Lake Mungo tell us about early Australian culture? |
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Definition
| Had a belief system because of burial ritual. Trading ocre. Lightly built. Complex language. Groups/organizations. Teeth worn down from stripping plants. |
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Term
| What did the Kow Swamp people look like? |
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Definition
| Big teeth, prominent muscle markings, sloped foreheads, browridges, tall |
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Term
| What does the skeletal evidence from Kow Swamp and Lake Mungo tell us about the origin of some of the earliest Australians? |
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Definition
Kow Swamp came from Java
Lake Mungo came from China |
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Term
| What are the likely causes of the extinction of the Australian megafauna? |
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Definition
| Environment was more arid, less water. Humans burned the landscape. |
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Term
| When did the dingo arrive in Australia? |
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Definition
| 3.4-4,000 years from SE Asia |
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Term
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Definition
| 1-2k people. Definite boundary. Politically independent. Distinct language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic food gathering unit. 3-6 families (50-60 people) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ongoing interactions between the spirit and physical world that commenced at the time of creation and continues into the future. |
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Term
| What is a dreaming track? |
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Definition
| 'Pathways' or routes along which Ancestral Beings travelled through the landscape |
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Term
| What would Honey Ant Dreaming country mean? |
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Definition
| The country was created by honey ants, you can still see it, still real to them, spirit is still there. |
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Term
| What is meant by my country? |
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Definition
| The land where you were born and/or conceived. |
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Term
| How do Aboriginal people inherit country? |
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Definition
| Father/mother. Grandparents. Extended family. Totemic country. Marriage. |
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Term
| What is conception country? |
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Definition
| Where your mother first felt your existence. |
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Term
| What is meant by the term rights of passage? |
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Definition
| Ceremonies undertaken to gain acceptance into, for example, adulthood. |
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Term
| Name the four cultural elements that Aboriginal society is built upon? |
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Definition
1. Special relationship with the land
2. Social organization and kinship
3. Ritual and ceremony and the notion of the secret and sacred
4. Aboriginal culture transmission |
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Term
| Aboriginal social organization and kinship are based up 4 principles. What are they? |
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Definition
1. Egalitarianism
2. Patrilineal and matrilineal decent systems
3. Kinship and its Multi-layered Interrelationship Structure (MIS)
4. Total and totemic attachment to the land |
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Term
| Name some elements in the multi-layered kinship structure used by Aboriginal people |
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Definition
| Tribe. Clan. Moiety (from mother). Phratry (from mother). Section. Skin group. Totem. Conception country. |
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Term
| Describe a basic section system (skin system) that plays a central role in Aboriginal marriage rules. |
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Definition
A[m] > B[f] = C
C[m] > D[f] = A
A[f] > B[m] = D |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant, mineral, or animal objects that link a person's spiritual beliefs with the environment and forms part of his or her identity. |
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Term
| Approximately, how many Aboriginal languages existed in 1788? |
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Definition
| 250 (700 dialects). 300 tribes. |
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Term
| How many Aboriginal people are estimated to have been living in Australia in 1788? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can Aboriginal artists paint any traditional story they like? |
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Definition
| No, they can only paint stories of his/her Dreaming and stories that belong to their families. (with permission from that family member) |
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Term
| What types of environmental information is represented in desert art? |
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Definition
- Dreaming stories
- Animals and plants
- Strategies of hunting
- Religious beings who created the land
- Presence of invading cultures
- Extinct animals
- Special and Sacred sites
- How the country was formed
- Geographical information
- Weapons
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Term
| Name the type of art that is pecked into rock and carved into trees. |
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Definition
| Petroglyphs (rock) into dendroglyphs (trees) |
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Term
| What is stencilled rock art? |
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Definition
Engraving, pecking painted art, stencils
Blow the paint across the image, leave a negative by putting your hand on it |
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Term
| What is a more acceptable name for a 'dot' painting? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was desert art originally displayed? |
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Definition
| Drawn in the sand and decorated with feathers, blood, ochre, charcoal and clay |
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Term
| What part of Australia would you find X-ray art? |
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Definition
| Northern Territory (Ahrem Land) |
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Term
| Describe cross-hatching used in painting and in which part of Australia would you find it? |
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Definition
Northern Territory (Ahrem Land)
*** |
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Term
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Definition
| Ornamental raised body scars. They can be self-inflicted or carried out by others and often depict status or movement through age-grades. |
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Term
| What is tooth avulsion and why is it carried out? |
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Definition
| Ceremonial removal of teeth, usually the upper incisors. |
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Term
| Macrozamia nuts cannot be eaten raw, why? |
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Definition
Carcinogenic.
Used the leeching process:
Alternatively soaking and burning it |
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Term
| What is a feast and famine diet? |
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Definition
| Eat during the green season when animals and plants are plentiful to bulk up for the dry dead season |
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Term
| Describe a Gwion or Bradshaw figure? |
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Definition
| Found in the Kimberly, big head dresses, highly decorated |
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Term
| What are the traditional colors used in Aboriginal art and what do they signify? |
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Definition
Red and yellow (from ochre), Black (charcoal), green, and white (china clay)
Red (sun), yellow (land), and black (people) on the flag |
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Term
| Describe the activities of the 'yearly round' or 'walkabout' |
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Definition
| Moving around the territory to perform ceremonies for the spirits, firing the land, teach kids about the country, avoiding over-exploiting the land in one area by eating and gathering food, looking after land and places (sacred & secret) |
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Term
| What is 'fire stick farming'? |
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Definition
| Flush out small game (to make them easier to catch). kept the land clean for spirits, rejuvenates the land for new plants and animals (fertilizer), exposes holes and burrows of animals. New green grass attracts game to come back. |
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Term
| What is spinifex resin used for? |
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Definition
| Used as a glue to mold tools together |
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Term
| What is pituri, where is it found and what was it used for? |
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Definition
| A type of stimulant used while hunting. Grown in a bush. Sometimes put it in waterholes to poison animals (hunting technique). Found through central Australia, especially eastern central (border of NT and QLD) |
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Term
| What items were traded along trading networks? |
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Definition
| Grindstones, baskets, ochre, boomerangs, hammer stones, pituri, nets, furs, bamboo, shells, marriage partners (to exchange genes), ceremonies, stories, dishes, shields, woomera (spear thrower), string, quartz, feather goods, sharp stones (knives, scrapers), mats |
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Term
| What plant was used along the Murray Valley both for food and to make nets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did the densest Aboriginal populations live? |
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Definition
| Southeast AU near rivers and coast |
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Term
| Describe some of the surgical practices used by Aboriginal people? |
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Definition
| Fracture repair, amputations |
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Term
| What is 'erekinja' and from what language does this term originate? |
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Definition
| Oranda, people of central AU |
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Term
| What did they use to splint legs? |
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Definition
| Tied animal skins, possums, around the fracture |
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Term
| How many Aboriginal people lived in Tasmania in 1802 and 1947? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long have foreign fisherman visited the north AU coast, who were they and why did they come here? |
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Definition
| For sea cucumbers. Macasas |
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Term
| When did the two major early smallpox outbreaks occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the mortality rate among Aboriginal people who contracted smallpox? |
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Definition
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