• Rulers still respected even after enslaving producers 
• constantly protect again war w/producers
• ruler/warriors eat communally 
• devoted to physical and war training

"ruling by wealth"

basis for rulers is on property assessment

Five faults in this kind of city

• unfit rulers
• divided city (poor/rich)
• unwillingness of rulers to arm poor
• no principle of specialization
• people allowed to live in city without any role 

Democracy 

• No order, neccesity or harmony after the poor revolt against rich
• governing principle is freedom
• tempted by grandiose and unneccesary appetites

• Drone king elected by the poor
• always at war to keep attention off his actions
• constantly oppressing others to maintain lavish lifestyle

1. Goal is to make entire city, not just 1 person, happy
2. Kings are only able to enjoy freedom above ground because of education paid for by the city
3. Kings know their rule can benefit the city (through humble and meekness)

• Study math(preparation) + dialectical philosophy(ultimate form of study)
• find children with the right natures and turn learning into play
• some proceed and others are turned into aux.

• Enter all existing cities and banish all people over age 10
• raise children as said before

• source of intelligibility
• capicity for knowledge
• existence of forms
• cause of all existence
• Form is understood best by p.kings
• P.king patterns his soul after this

ways of accessing the world and categorizing the soul in order to know The Good:

1.) imagination

2.) belief

3.) thought

4.) understanding

analagous to Athens at Socrates' time

said that no one has any idea of real knowledge

Opposite of the lover of sights and sounds

sole possesor of knowledge

most virtuous of men

• angry over how the sharing of women will take place and thinks a constitution needs to be in place to arrange these things
• also how will it affect the guardians??

hostility towards one's own kind (Greeks )

opposite of war (barbarians)

Number that Plato believed controlled better and worse births

inability of rulers to be aware of math revolving around this number causes the city to degenerate over time

• city built on the exact principles of democracy
• would undermine very principles it was created to serve
• extreme form of democracy

• the want to sleep with one's mother or commit a foul murder
• only the tyrannical man allows these to come out in daytime
• we all have these in our sleep

truth loving (greatest pleasure)

honor loving

profit loving

• pleasure of the ________ is the only real pleasure
• can be reached by reaching up and grasping the form of the good

• impose reason on those whose rational part is not strong enough to rule the soul
• to help people

• desires that indicate true human needs
• desires we cannot train ourselves to overcome

• desires we can train ourselves to overcome
• democratic man is overcome with these

• they pretend to have lots of knowledge but actually have none
• they deal in images, unreal
• these images do not mirror the good parts of the soul but the bad ones
• negative emotions transfer to our lives

• freedom weakens it with overindulgence on individual constitutions
• creation of drones/lawlessness
• 0 sense of order leading into tyranny

• souls of iron, gold, and bronze are aligned with three diff. classes this lie exemplifies the fact that Plato thinks the guardian class will be stripped "disconnect from value orientation is totally necessary to have a just city"
• A myth because it doesn't promote autochthony and the unequal nature of three systems

• ridicule and distrust as a thessalonian foreigner
• not living up to his own philosophies
• dishonoring his children
• shaming and embarassing his friends
• rejection from entrance into Hades

says that crafts need both parts to be fulfilled...

two parts=1!

To be a good ruler, your must be a good subject

there are three of these when it benefits everyone in the city

INCLD. monarchy, aristoctacy, and polity

benefits only those in power, three of these...

Tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy

• 1 person or kingly- monarchy/tyranny
• small elite rule- aristocracy/oligarchy
• needy/masses rule-polity/democracy

• benefits should be conferred upon different citizens differently, depending on contributions to the city state
• needs of city states vary depending on wealth, population, and class distribution

• tbe mutual resentment between the rich and poor, or the lack of middle class...CLASS DIVIDE
• A strong middle class keeps a state in balance thus guarding against corruption

• deliberative- major political decis.
• executive- day to day stuff
• judicial- legal affairs

• pluralism- state cannot be reduced to a single theory of specialization and is not self sufficient enough if it's totally homogenous
• too much unity thru censorship

• WHAT IS MAN"S NATURE AND CAN IT BE CHANGED?

Plato- there are some among us who have pure motivations and I can reform you

Aristotle- the rulers are at times bad and cannot be reformed

• Only the public blame or love from others matters, so the ruler needs to worry about a good reputation, not personal conscience.
• A good ruler must appear to be loving but actually feared

Must have a commonwealth

and vest power in one central authority with power to punish those who live outside of the contract 

1. institution (agreement)

2. acquisition (force)

difference is how sovereignty is installed and retained

1. Monarchy (BEST bc most consistent and least potential for conflict)

2. Aristocracy

3. Democracy

• The ability to act according to one's own will without being physically harmed from acting as one wishes
• Does not exist in the state of nature b/c actions were hindered by fear of death and fear of others' power

experience

knowledge

argument

• Continually in competit. for honor
• Continually compares himself with others both publicly and privately
• Can reason and be overconfident-promotes civ. war
• Represents both good and evil
• Man at ease is a threat
• Agreement among man is artificial

• Subjects owe sole loyalty
• Subjects cannot be freed from obligations to sov.
• Dissenters yield to majority in declaring the sovereign
• sov. cannot be unjust or injure innocents
• sov. cannot be put to death
• sov. may censor philosophical/threatening ideas

• sov. gives legislative rules
• sov. has judicial power in civil controversies
• sov. may declare war/peace with other CW's
• sov. may choose his counselors
• sov. has powers of reward/punishment
• sov. may make all civil appt.'s, including militia

• One of equality in which all power and jurisdiction is reciprocal and no one has more than another
• MAN's natural state=anarchic and not hypothetical like Hobbes'- but an actual state. Exists where there is no legitimate govt.

It's needed to protect property and defend liberty

• Legislative (MOST important bc it defines the laws governing civil society)
• judicial
• executive

• "one unjust action=one unjust person"
• earliest example of a social contract as seen in Crito

• everyone has a naturally suitable craft which must be revealed and honed
• there is no difference in the value of crafts

• A person in indef. office
• says that a virtue of each citizen is individual but also has some shared qualities... i.e. community=constitution

• the mutual resentment and divide between the rich and the poor
• He said that a strong middle class keeps a state in balance thus guarding against corruption

• said that these cannot protect you from suffering miseries because they only exist in pious men
• examples include justice, courage, and temperance
• Man can only be happy thru hope in a future world and is able to defy worldly pleasures through this hope

• said that this alienates people in a Godless city, calling it "the misery of man," but not in the City of God, where there are tons of interpreters

• Augustine said that even the wicked desire self-serving peace as to be better robbers(deviants) or family servants
• Also- People want to increase their own laws of peace after conquering

• Rome was not a Republic because it was never the affair of the people, there was 0justice=0right=0people=0republic
• NOT a city bc Romans did not enjoy God and each other in God

• Leave some cultural values in place after conquering, but govern wickedly
• Also make a list of all the crimes you need to commit and commit them swiftly so as not to let bad thoughts/resentment linger, thus NOT reminding new citizenry of your evilness

• No, and if you try to you will be destroyed!
• A ruler in power must not be good, only be seen to be good
• MUST NOT struggle to live up to an ideal, destroying oneself through this idealization

• No, so therefore the ruler must take great pains to minimize being hated by the powerful
• Also Prince should not actively avoid good but if necc. should be ready to act unethically
• DON'T try to be loved, just try to avoid being hated!!

• Locke totally rejects this notion as a royal lie that promotes aristocral rule, said man has complete control over god
• At the same time, he agrees that man was not only made in the image of God, but is God-himself and that man should search and find God in the flesh!

accepts death because it leads to a purer form of life

saw man as selfish, idealistic, adaptive, and animalistic

• said that people embody the same virtues as the city-state and the human soul has three parts corresponding with three citizen classes within the state, each of them contributing
• OVERALL said man is good when using this tripartite definition of the soul in a just way

• "man has qualities that will bring him either praise or blame"
• This said that man has both good and bad qualities, but will lean toward self-serving interests..man will do whatever is necc. to promote his power and the state

• said that humans do NOT have altruistic reasoning, so they must have a social contract.
• there is no good but the object of man's desire, which is for power and self-preservation through fear in ruling

• totally designed on social contract...legal system exists as a result of a contract between the individual and the state
• said that it's better to align w/laws than to be against people

• Rosseau's point of view that we were better off in nature as these
• said that political authority was NOT found in nature and that the only natural form of authority is father over child
• even this authority is exerted by force, so it has no place in nature

 removing its causes and controlling its effects

ALSO
 destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence

AND

giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.

 the delegation of the government to a small number of citizens elected by the rest;

secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which delegation is extended

• reduction of factions
• proactive promotion of trade/wealth
• more cost-effective govt.

• any number of citizens that are inspired by some common passions to act adversely towards the rights of other citizens
• MOST serious form is diversity of opinion in political life which leads to disputes over fundamental issues such as what religion should be practiced

• This is the best form of govt. because it will protect individual liberty from  majority rule.
• Also it is threatened by its opposite, direct democracy, which hurts individual rights 

• because it's designed to protect the liberties of the minority and the good of the country
• On the opposite side, democracy is bad because majority takes over, trampling minority rights

• to provide necessary personal motives to resist encroachments by the other branches.......BUT....
•  it is not possible to give each branch an equal power of self-defense because the legislative branch in a representative republic must by its nature be the most powerful

•  the authority of the people is first divided into a state and federal system of government, and then is further divided into separate departments at each level..thus giving rights double protection
• As a result of different classes and regional interests, it is necc. to protect different classes from one another

ambitions of men in govt. positions

+

constitutional means will be the greatest security vs. the loss of powers