Term
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Definition
Phago: from Greek, meaning "eat"
Cyte: from Greek, meaning "cell"
Ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell, performed by phagocytes
Ameba=phagocyte
Neutrophils
Fixed macrophages=guards certain tissues, have different names
Wandering macrophages=in blood stream and lymphatic systeme |
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Term
| Microbial evasion of phagocytosis |
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Definition
Inhibit adherence:M protein, capsules=Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae
Kill phagocytes:leukocidins=Staphlycoccus aureus
Lyse phagocytes:membrane attack complex=Listeria monocytogenes
Excape phagosome=Shigella, Rickettsia(they get out of phagosome and live in cytoplasm of cell)
Prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion=HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Survive in phagolysosome=Xociella burnettii |
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Term
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Definition
Activation of acute-phase proteins(complement, cytokine, and kinins)(signalling molecules)
Vasodilation(histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes)
Redness
Swelling(edema)
Pain
Heat |
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Term
| Chemicals released by damaged cells |
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Definition
Histamine-->vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessles(plasma gest out of blood vessles and white blood cells too)
Kinins-->vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
Prostaglandins-->intensify histamine and kinin effect
Leukotrienes-->increased permeablity of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment |
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Term
| The process of inflammation |
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Definition
When you cut yourself you are breaking you cells in half, signalling molecules are inside cells and they leak out which will cause inflammation
Abscess=walled off by immune system, can't kill it, but it contains infection to that spot to heal it, you will have to cut it open and get the pus out and then immune system can contain it
White blood cells chemotax to sight of infection
When white blood cell get word of infection(signalling molecules), they will get sticky and squeeze out of blood vessles to help fight bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Abnormally high body temperature
Hypothalamus is normally set at 37C
Gram-negative endotoxins cause phagocytes to release interleukin-1(IL-1)
Hypothalamus releases prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamus to a high temperature
Body increases rate of metabolism, and shivering occurs, which raise temperature
Vasodilation and sweating: body temperature falls(crisis) |
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Term
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Definition
Increases transferrins(carry your iron)
Increases IL-1 activity
Produces interferon(anti-viral) |
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Term
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Definition
Tachycardia(rapid heart rate)
Acidosis(whole body becomes acidic)
Dehydration
44-46C fatal |
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Term
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Definition
System of 9 proteins that can kill bacteria
Serum proteins activated in a cascade(one binds then the rest follow suit, poke hole in cell, it kills it)
Activated by:
-Antigen-antibody reaction
-Protein C3 and a pathogen(can start cascade event)
This system protects you from ever getting an infection, or it helps when you do get an infection
C3b causes opsonization(binding of proteins to the outside of capsule that helps with phagocytosis)These proteins are red flags for phagocyte to come phagocytize this cell, how it has something to hang on to because of the receptors on the capsule
C3a+C5a causes inflammation(acts as signalling molecules)
C5b+C6+C7+C8+C9 cause cell lysis
C7 makes membrane attack complex |
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Term
| Effects of complement activation |
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Definition
Opsonization:enhanced phagocytosis
Membrane attack complex:lysis of the invader
Attract phagocytes by chemotaxis |
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Term
| Some bacteria evade complement |
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Definition
1.Capsules prevent C activation
2.Surface lipid-carbohydrate complexs prevent formation of membrane attack complex(MAC)
3.Enzymatic digestion of C5a(peptidase) |
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Term
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Definition
Expensive and dangerous
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta: cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication
IFN-gamma:causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
Tranferrins
-Bind serum iron(delivers iron to cells, makes best use of iron and guard iron from iron robbing bacteria)
Antimicrobial peptides
-Lyse bacterial cells(lysozyme) |
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Term
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Definition
Innate immunity:defense against any pathogen-natural, will fight any pathogen
Adaptive immunity:induced resistance to a specific pathogen-has to see pathogen first before response, could take up to 2 weeks.
Vaccine=induced
Extremely specific-very rarely they cross over to other pathogens |
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Term
| Dual nature of adaptive immunity |
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Definition
T and B cells develop from stem cells in red bone marrow
They recognize the same way, but respond differently
Start from the same ancestor cell
Humoral immunity
Due to antibodies
B cells mature in the bone marrow
-Chickens-bursa of Fabricius
-Named after "bursa" |
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