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Definition
The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy: three pathways
Glycolysis(makes 2 ATP's)
Krebs cycle(cells get most energy here)
Electron transport chain(make bulk amounts of energy here)This is why we breath
Some bacteria can't do Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.
Fermintation only uses glycolsis
When it only goes through fermintation it sacrifices energy, they don't have to work as hard to get energy because food sources are readily available(happens in the abdomin) |
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Definition
| The oxidation, or breakdown, of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH(energy bearing molecules). ATP and NADH carry a lot of energy and can be used by cell. |
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| Preparatory stage of glycolysis |
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Definition
2 ATP are used
Glucose (6C) is split to form 2 molecules of glyceraldehde-3 phosphate(3C)
It breaks the chain of 6 carbons into (2) 3 carbon molecules |
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| Uses NADH and makes NAD+ in order to continue the cycle of glycolysis |
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| The final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen(02) and the final product of central metabolism is WATER. The total energy derived from aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose is 38 ATPs(max efficiency) |
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Definition
Scientific definition: Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules
Does not require oxygen
Does not use the Krebs cycle or electron transport
Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor.
The final electron acceptor is an organic molecule and therefore the final product is an organic acid. The total energy of the fermentation of one molecule of glucose is 8 ATPs
Any spoilage of food by microorganisms(general use)
Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products(general use)
Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air(common definition used in industry) |
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Term
| Energy-conserving stage of glycolysis |
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Definition
2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid
4 ATP are produced
2 NADH are produced
Net of 2 ATP's are produced |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Produces lactic acid only |
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Term
| Heterolactic fermentation |
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Definition
| Produces lactic acid and other compounds |
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Definition
| It is a tube upside down in a test tube. You heat it up and it drives the air out of the upside down tube. If the bacteria in the test tube ferments it produces gas and you will see the gas in the test tube, if it doesn't ferment then it will still have the colored(red or yellow) liquid in the upside down tube. |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in NUMBER of cells, not size
Populations
Colonies
Cell growth=cell replication |
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| The requirements for growth |
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Definition
Physical requirements
Temperature
pH
Osmotic pressure
All bacteria have optimum zones that they like to grow
Chemical requirements
Carbon
Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous
Trace elements
Oxygen(some require, some don't)
Organic growth factor |
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| What determines the minimum, optimum, and maximum growth temperature? |
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Definition
| Depends on the enzymes and proteins |
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Definition
Majority of human pathogens
Grow best at 37degrees C(body temperature)
Ranges from 10-50 degrees C |
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Definition
optimum growing temperature is 12C
Can still survive at -10C
-10 to 20C is range of growth.
Freezing point is 0C so these are not killed unless frozen below -10C |
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Definition
Optimum temperature is 22C(room temperature)
Range from 0-30C |
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Definition
Grow best at 62C
Range from 40-72C |
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Definition
Archaea
Optimum growing temperature is 95C
Range from 65-110C
100C is boiling point |
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Term
| Temperatures in this range destroy most microbes, although lower temperatures take more time. |
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Definition
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| Very slow bacteria growth range |
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Definition
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| Temperature danger zone: rapid growth of bacteria,some may produce toxins |
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Definition
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| Many bacteria survive, some may grow. Refrigerator temperatures; may allow some slow growth of spoilage bacteria, very few pathogens |
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Definition
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| Approximate temperature range at which the Bacillus cereus multiply in rice |
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Definition
15-43C
You have to cool rice down quickly to refigerator temperatures if not, then the endospors will start to germinate and they are like toxins. You can put rice in smaller, shallower containers in order to get them it cooled down quicker. |
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| Most bacteria grow between what two pH levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Molds and yeasts grow between what two pH ranges? |
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Definition
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Definition
Grow in acidic environments
All cytoplasm is neutral even if they live in acidic environments |
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Definition
| Hypertonic environments, or an increase in salt or sugar, cause plasmolysis(water to rush out of cell and the cell shrivles up, cracks, and dies) |
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| Extreme or obligate halophiles |
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Definition
require high osmotic pressure
Can't live without the salt.
Loves salty environments |
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Definition
Tolerate high osmotic pressure
Can tolerate it, but is okay without salt(prefers low salt vs. high salt)
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative halophile, it can tolerate up to 7.5% salt content |
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Term
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Definition
Carbon for building new compounds and as a source of energy
Chemoheterotrophs(examples: mammals,humans,bacteria) use organic carbon sources
Autotrophs(example: plants) use CO2, they don't even need sugar to live
Nitrogen
-In amino acids and proteins
-Most bacteria decomposes proteins
-Some bacteria use NH4+ or NO3-
-A few bacteria use N2(in the air) in nitrogen fixation
Sulfur
-In amino acids, thiamine, and biotin
-Most bacteria decompose proteins
-Some bacteria use SO4-2 or H2S(sulfate or hydrogen sulfate)
Phosphorus
-In DNA, RNA, ATP, and membranes(nucleaic acids)
-Phosphate is a source of phosphorus
Trace elements
-Inorganic elements required in small amounts
-Usually as enzyme cofactors
-Magnesium |
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Definition
A medium to test the oxygen needs of bacteria(metabolism)
Thick liquid medium that binds oxygen
It is a tube of medium that when they heat it up, it drive all of the oxygen out of the medium, they put an oxygen indicator that will turn the medium pink if it contains oxygen anywhere. As the medium cool, oxygen begins to seep back into the medium and bind with the thioglycollate, so you get a gradient from bright pink at the surface of the medium that goes to a colorless medium at the bottom of the tube because there is NO oxygen present.
Because of this gradient of oxygen, you can tell which microbes prefer a lot of oxygen, a little bit of oxygen, or NO oxygen because they will grow throughout the medium wherever they can survive.
Bacteria is very adaptive as far as oxygen use |
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Term
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Definition
Singlet oxygen:1 O2- boosted to a higher-energy state
Superoxide free radicals: O2*-
O2*- + O2*- + 2 H+--Superoxide dismutase-->H2O2 + O2
Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that we and bacteria have to protect us from the oxygen radicals, it makes peroxide and oxygen dimer(O2)
Peroxide anion: O2 2-
2H2O2---Catalase---> 2H2O + O2
2H2O2 + 2H+---Peroxidase---> 2H2O
Hydroxyl radical (OH*)
Staph produces catalase, peroxide doesn't work
If you eat your antioxidants it will turn the oxygen radicals(bad for your body) into oxygen dimers(good for your body)
Oxygen radical disrupts your cell membranes |
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Definition
Organic compounds obtained from the environment
Vitamins, amino acids, purines, and pyrimidines(nucleic acids)
E.coli provides us with Vitamin K |
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Definition
Microbial communities
Form slime or hydrogels(capsule material)
Share nutrients
Sheltered from harmful factors
Biofilms aren't bacterial, they are produced by bacterial
Bacteria attracted by chemicals via quorum sensing(sensing their own numbers)
Once the bacteria sensed that they have enough bacteria present they will start to produce chemicals(takes lots of energy so they wait until enough bacteria is present so they don't waste their energy)
A fish in the ocean as an "eye spot" on its tail(glucose that attracts certain microbes) once enough microbes get to the "eye spot" they will glow in the dark making it look like an eye. There preditors think that the glow in the dark eye spot is their eye, when they attack the preditor thinks it is going to swim one way but it swims the other since it thought the tail was the eye...fish doesn't get eaten. |
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Term
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Definition
Chemically defined media: exact chemical composition is known(they weigh EVERY component out)
Complex media: extracts and digests(boiled meat) of yeasts, meat, or plants
-Nutrient broth
-Nutrient agar |
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| Anaerobic culture methods |
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Definition
Reducing media
Contain chemicals(thioglycolate or oxyrase which is similar to thioglycolate)
Heated to drive off O2 |
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Definition
Microbes that require high CO2 conditions
CO2 packet
Candle jar--> Put petri dish in a big pickel jar with a candle lit inside. When the candle burns out it reduces the oxygen from 21-17% and the CO2 is 5% which is the perfect conditions to grow the capnophiles |
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| Respiration vs. fermentation |
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Definition
| Dehydrogenase- uses NADH and makes NAD+ in order to continue the cycle of glycolysis NAD+ + electron= NADH FADH2=electron carrier Chain=proteins Final electron acceptor in chain=oxygen, this is why we breath O2 + electron= H2O final product What's final acceptor?=oxygen What's final product?=water Electron transport+Krebs cycle=most energy Strict aerobes=can only respire Anaerobes=die in presence of oxygen |
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