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| 1. China 2. India 3. United States 4. Indonesia 5. Brazil 6. Pakistan 7. Bangladesh 8. Nigeria 9. Russia 10. Japan |
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| 1. United States 2. Japan 3. China 4. Germany 5. France 6. United Kingdom 7. Italy 8. Brazil 9. Spain 10. Canada |
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| the economic and political union of 27 European States |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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| is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium,[3] and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. |
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| Association of Southeast Asian Nations |
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| 10 member organization includes economic and business information was established on 8 August 1967 |
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| Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation |
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| promoting open trade and practical economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, APEC's 21 Member Economies are Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; The Republic of the Philippines; The Russian Federation; Singapore; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; United States of America; Viet Nam. |
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| Mercosur (Common Market of the South) |
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| is an organization with an important operating network specially in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Paraguay - who offers specialized services in international trade aiming that our customers could get a higher increase in their business, profitability, risks spread and better competitive conditions |
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| Less Developed Countries (LDC) / Global South |
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| is the name given to a country which, according to the United Nations, exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. three criteria, low-income ,human resource weakness and economic vulnerability |
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| a large group of people who are bound together, and recognize a similarity among themselves, because of a common culture and language |
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| a political unit that has ultimate sovereignty (ultimate responsibility for the conduct of its own affairs) |
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| is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a country as a sovereign territorial unit.[1] The state is a political and geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term "nation-state" implies that the two geographically coincide, and this distinguishes the nation state from the other types of state, which historically preceded it. |
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| Primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent.” (Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism) |
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| or in short form self-determination is the principle in international law, that nations have the right to freely decide on their sovereignty and international political status without external compulsion or outside interference. The principle does not state how the decision is to be made, or what the outcome should be, be it independence, federation, protection, some form of autonomy or even full assimilation. Neither does it state what the delimitation between nations should be — or even what constitutes a nation. In fact, there are conflicting definitions and legal criteria for determining which groups may legitimately claim the right to self-determination.[1] |
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| something that benefits all members of the community but that no one can be prevented from using; every member of the community can enjoy the benefits of it whether that person has helped pay for it or of. Some examples of public goods are national defense, medical research, the space rogram, and public health programs to control the spread of disease. |
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| a group of peoplewho have the authority to act on behalfof the state, this makes and enforces rules. |
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| is the part of society that is organ ized and active, but neither controlled by the government nor focused on private con cerns such as the family or economic activity. It consists, therefore, of organizations that deal with public questions, but that are not controlled by the government. It is often defined, in fact, as the set of all organizations that are not directly of indirectly part of the government, that are not families, and that are not set up for economic activity. Civil society is made up of religious organizations, hobby groups, political movements, professional societies, and so on. What makes civil society important is that it is the natural counterweight to government in the affairs of the state. A rich and vigorous civil society is often thought to be important to the healthy functioning of democracy, for instance. And, civil soci ety is often an important factor when spontaneous movements oppose governmental policies in either democratic or nondemocratic systems |
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| Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is difficult to distinguish it from imperialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, imperialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. Turning to the etymology of the two terms, however, provides some suggestion about how they differ. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the new arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin |
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| 1945-1960, is the conflict between the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union and the democratic nations led by the United States. It is fought by all means - propaganda, economic war, diplomatic haggling and occasional military clashes. It is fought in all places - in neutral states, in newly independent nations in Africa, Asia and even in outer space. |
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| Process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. Decolonization was gradual and peaceful for some British colonies largely settled by expatriates but violent for others, where native rebellions were energized by nationalism. After World War II, European countries generally lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress faraway revolts; they also faced opposition from the new superpowers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, both of which had taken positions against colonialism. |
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| Mandates (League of Nations) |
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| a system of "Mandates." In theory, the Mandate system had the benevolent intention of preparing the "natives" of various regions for self government. In practice, the granting of mandates often represented nothing more than the granting of spoils to the different victorious allied governments. The basis of the mandate system was Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which gave broad authority to the mandate powers regarding preparation for self-rule. The document is reproduced below. the mandate must differ according to the stage of the development of the people, the geographical situation of the territory, its economic conditions and other similar circumstances." The terms of each mandate were accordingly to be worked out on a per-country basis. |
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| African National Congress |
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| founded in 1912 like India’s INC, it consisted of elite Africans who wanted a voice in society. for 40 years, the ANC was peaceful, 1950s: moved to nonviolent civil disobedience |
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| 1885: almost exclusively an association of English-educated, high-caste Hindus who made moderate demands; at first asked for a greater role in the life of British India |
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| developed the political philosophy of satyagraha (“truth force”) active but nonviolent confrontation |
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| was a system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority 'non-white' inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by white people was maintained. |
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| is an organized action by the armed forces of a country meant to overthrow and replace its government |
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| international trade among political systems unimpeded by restrictyions or tarriffs on imports or exports |
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| Tendency of countries to safegaurd their own economic sectors or industries using tariffs, quotas or other forms of trade an investment legislation |
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| a duty placed on a particular categorization of imported or exported goods or services |
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| Payments made by government to businesses to compensate them for inefficenties and lack of competitivness |
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| imposing national content requirements on certain products or applying quotas to their import including quality controls |
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| GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade) |
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| orginally intended as a temporary arrangement when the International Trade Organization failed, became the worlds permanent trade regime and was later subsumed under the Word Trade Organization |
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| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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| Created in 1995 as a forum for promoting free trade between Nations in goods and services |
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| WTO dispute settlement mechanism |
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| a mechanism in which trade disputes between member states can be resolved by impartial tgribunal, preventing disputes from getting too political or controversial |
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| North American Free Trade Agreement |
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| Canada, United States and Mexico have opened their markets to one another through an agreement. |
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| Post war system of fixed exchange rates and heavy controls on private banks and other financial institutions so their role in international finance would be limited. |
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| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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| In place of private banks, the IMF was designed to oversee the international monetary system, enforce a regime of fixed exchange rates and lend money to states experiencing balance of payment difficulties. |
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| World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) |
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| Created to provide funding for the reconstruction of Europe after the second World War and programs of economic development in the third world. |
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| States aggreed to set values to their national currency based on fixed Gold value of the US dollar |
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| Value of Currency decided by the activities of the global currency markets |
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| Absence of clearly defined rules determining relative currency values |
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| Banks found themselves unable to absorb the wave of loan defaults from customers who borrowed more then they were capable of repaying. |
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| countries in the same geographical region to intensify economic interations amoung one another (economic development based on regions) |
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| intergration of polices, coordination, or decion making by three or more Nation-States |
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| Removal of government controls in the economic sector |
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| devised by John Williamson, to reform the internal economic mechanisims of debtor countries so they wouls be in a better position to repay the debt, new form of colonialism. aka Structural adjustment programmes, United States dominate power. |
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