Term
|
Definition
| Genetics is scientific study of heredity and variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variation is the demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes are the units of heredity and are made up of segments of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes are passed to the next generation through reproductive cells called gamets |
|
|
Term
| What is asexual reproduction? |
|
Definition
| Asexual reproduction is one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent |
|
|
Term
| Define or describe sexual reproduction |
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction is when two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from two parents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Life cycle is the generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes are in humans? |
|
Definition
| There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Karyotype is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell |
|
|
Term
| The following is a depiction of homologous chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Somatic cells are any cells forming the body of an organism, as opposed to germ line cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some other somatic cells? |
|
Definition
internal organs
skins
bones
blood
connective tissues |
|
|
Term
| What set of chromosomes are homologous for women? |
|
Definition
| The human female have a pair of homologous pair of X chromosomes... (XX) |
|
|
Term
| What is the sex chromosomes for human males? |
|
Definition
| The sex chromosomes for human males ix (XY) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex called? |
|
Definition
| The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex are called autosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is a diploid cell and it's number? |
|
Definition
A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes
2n |
|
|
Term
| A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of chromosomes... this chromosome is what? haploid or diploid? |
|
Definition
| A gamete contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fertilization is the union of gametes (sperm & egg) |
|
|
Term
| A fertilized egg is called what? |
|
Definition
| A fertilized egg is called a zygote |
|
|
Term
| Gametes are produced by mitosis or meiosis? |
|
Definition
| Gametes are produced by meiosis |
|
|
Term
| The following is a depiction of the human life cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meiosis 1 results in what? |
|
Definition
Meiosis 1 results in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes
This is called reductional division |
|
|
Term
| Meiosis II results in what? |
|
Definition
Meiosis II results in four haploid daughter cells witih unreplicated chromosomes
It is also called equational division |
|
|
Term
| What are the four divisions that occur in meiosis I |
|
Definition
The four divisions that occur in meiosis I are
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase I and cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| What typically occupied more than 90% of the time in Meiosis I |
|
Definition
| Prophase I occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis |
|
|
Term
| What is crossing over... as it relates to genetics? |
|
Definition
| Crossing over is non sister chromatids exchanging DNA segments |
|
|
Term
| Each pair of chromosomes usually forms what shape? |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes usually form a tetrad shape.. a group of four chromatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The chiasmata is the x-shaped regions where crossing over occured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two(diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differet genetically from each other and from the parents cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chapter 14 coming up!!!!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is known as the father of Genetics? |
|
Definition
| The father of genetics is Gregory Mendel |
|
|
Term
| What where the positive reasons to use pea plants? |
|
Definition
Some positive reasons for using pea plants
distinct varieties in heritable features (characters & traits)
Mating of plants can be controlled
each pea plant has sperm-producing organs (stamens) and egg producing organs (carpels)
Cross pollination can be achieved by dusting one plant with pollen from another |
|
|
Term
| the mating of true breed varieties creates what? |
|
Definition
| Hybridization is the mating of two contrasting true breeding varieties to create hybridization |
|
|
Term
| What is the F1 Generation? |
|
Definition
| The F1 are the hybrid offspring of the P(parent ) |
|
|
Term
| How is the F2 Generation produced? |
|
Definition
| The F2 Generation is produced by the cross breeding of the F1 Generation |
|
|
Term
| Law of Segregation & Law of Independent Assortment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Mendel's experiment, the Law of Segregation produced what ratio in the F2 generation? |
|
Definition
| 3 to 1 ration in the F2 generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Law of Segregation? |
|
Definition
| The Law of segregation states that two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in different gamets |
|
|
Term
| Basic punnett square example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homozygous is an organism with two identical alleles for a characteristic ... Thus it is said to be homozygous for the gene controlling that character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterozygous is where two different alleles control a gene character |
|
|
Term
| What is another word for the physical appearance of an organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another word for the genetic make up of an organism? |
|
Definition
| Another word for the genetic make up of an organism is genotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is complete dominance? |
|
Definition
| Complete dominance is when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical |
|
|
Term
| what is incomplete dominance? |
|
Definition
| Incomplete dominance is when the hybrid is somewhere inbetween the phenotypes of the two parental varieties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Codominance is when two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tay Sachs is caused by an accumulation of lipids in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon in which a single gene controls several distinct, and seemingly unrelated, phenotypic effects.
A classic example of pleiotropy is the human disease PKU (phenylketonuria). This disease can cause mental retardation and reduced hair and skin pigmentation, and can be caused by any of a large number of mutations in a single gene that codes for an enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase) that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine, another amino acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epistasis is where a gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
Example:
In mice coat color depends on two genes. |
|
|
Term
| The following is an example of epistasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is polygenic inheritance? |
|
Definition
| Polgenic inheritance is an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pedigree is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carriers are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive alleles but are phenotypically normal |
|
|
