ac

before meals

bid

twice a day

_

c

with

cap

capsule

DAW

dispense as written

D/C

discontinue

g (or sometimes "gm")

gram

gr

grain

gt or gtt

drop

hs

at bedtime

IM

intramuscular

IV

intravenously

L

liter

mcg

microgram

mEq

milliequivalent

mL

milliliter

NKA

no known allergy

NKDA

no known drug allergy

npo

nothing by mouth

pc

after meals

po

by mouth

prn

as needed

q

every

qh

every hour

q2h

every 2 hours

qid

four times a day

qs

a sufficient quantity

stat

immediately

tab

tablet

tid

three times daily

ud

as directed

wk

week

The Metric System is derived

from what units?

The International System of Units (SI) - the official system for weights and measures as stated in the U. S. Pharmacopeia-National Formulary

What is the Apothecary

system of measurement?

The traditional system of pharmacy, largely of historical significance, but components of the system are occasionally found on prescriptions.

The Apothecary system bases its fluid measurements on what units?

Minims (♏)

Fluidrachms (fʒ or [image])*

Fluidounces (f℥ or ℥)*

Pints (pt)

Quarts (qt)

* When it is obvious that a liquid will be measured, the f can be deleted.

The Apothecary system bases its weight measurements

on what units?

Grains (gr)

Scruples (℈)

Drachms (ʒ)

Ounces (℥)

What is the Avoirdupois system?

A common system of commerce, using ounces and pounds.  This system and the metric system are both used in the U. S. in purchasing and selling goods.

What is the Common or Household system of measurement?

The system that a patient would use at home with household items, such as teaspoons, tablespoons, cups, ounces, and pounds.

Length conversion:

1 inch = ? cm

2.54 cm

Volume conversion:

1 pint = ? mL = ? fluidounces

473* mL = 16 fluidounces

* Rounding to 480 mL is OK

Volume conversion:

1 fluid ounce = ? mL

29.6* mL

*  Rounding to 30 mL is OK

Volume conversion:

1 fluid dram = ? mL

= ? teaspoonfuls

5 mL (considered 1 teaspoonful)

Volume conversion:

1 Tablespoonful = ? mL

15 mL

Volume conversion:

2 cups = ? pint = ? mL

1 pint = 473 mL

Volume conversion:

8 pints = ? gallon(s)

1 gallon

Weight Conversion:

1 kg = ? lb

2.2 lb

Weight Conversion:

1 oz. = ? g

28.4 g

Weight Conversion:

1 grain = ? mg

65 mg

What is the meaning of "w/v"?

Percent weight-in-volume

The number of g of substance in 100 mL of solution or other liquid preparation.

What is the meaning of "v/v"?

Percent volume-in-volume.

The number of mL of a substance in 100 mL of solution or other liquid preparation.

What is the meaning of "w/w"?

Percent weight-in-weight.

The number of g of a substance in 100 g of preparation.

What is the meaning of "mg %"?

The number of mg in 100 mL or 100 g of the preparation.

What is the specific

gravity of Ethanol?

0.8 g/mL

What is the specific

gravity of Water?

1 g/mL

What is the specific

gravity of Propylene Glycol?

1 g/mL

What is the specific

gravity of Glycerin?

1.25 g/mL

Ratio Strength of 1:10,000

What does this mean for

a solid in a liquid?

1 g solute/constituent in 10,000 mL

of solution or liquid preparation

Ratio Strength of 1:10,000

What does this mean for

a liquid in a liquid?

1 mL of constituent in 10,000 mL

of solution or liquid preparation

Ratio Strength of 1:10,000

What does this mean for

a solid in a solid?

1 g of constituent in

10,000 g of mixture

What is a solubility ratio?

The maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. 

Usually given as a range of

solvent volumes (mL)needed to

dissolve 1 part (g) of drug.

What is a unit?

A term used to quantify a product in terms of its potency.  It is a function of its activity compared to the activity of reference standard as determined in a bioassay.  For USP grade products, the reference standard is outlined in the USP (which generally conform to international standards, i. e., I. U.)

od

right eye

os

left eye

What is density?

Mass per unit volume

Usually expressed as g/cc or g/mL

What is specific gravity?

The ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of and equal volume of substance chosen as a standard (measured under controlled conditions).

What are osmoles?

Number of osmotically

active molecules

What are equivalents?

The number of charges

What are moles and millimoles, in terms of weight?

Mole = molecular weight of a substance in grams

Millimole = molecular weight of a substance in milligrams

Blood serum and tears contain the physiological equivalent of how many mOsm/L?

284

Among what types of products is tonicity a significant concern?

parenterals, opthalmics, and intranasal products

If a solution is hypertonic,

what can it lead to?

Phlebitis

For nonelectrolytes, such as dextrose, 1 mmol = ? mOsmol?

1

For electrolytes, the number of osmotically active particles in solution depend on the degree of dissociation, so:

1 mmol of NaCl = ? mOsmol?

1 mmol of CaCl₂ = ? mOsmol?

NaCl = 2 mOsmol

CaCl₂ = 3 mOsmol

The osmolarity of a solution is mOsmol per ?

Liter of solution

When the osmotic nature of a solution is reported as osmolality, it is in units of mOsmol per ?

kg of solvent

For dilute solutions, are values of osmolarity and osmolality nearly the same?

Yes. 

As solutions become more concentrated, deviations from ideality occur and the values begin to diverge.

What do E-values express?

As sodium chloride equivalents, they express the amount of NaCl equivalent in osmolarity to 1 gram of a drug.  The values consider contributions of the drug's MW, the number of solute particles produced, and the degree of dissociation of the particles.

What is a balance's sensitivity?

The smallest weight that will cause a perceptible movement of the balance, shown by the balance's indicator scale.

What is the sensitivity requirement (or maximum potential error)?

A measure of a balance's sensitivity and is defined in the USP as "the maximum change in load that will cause a specified change, one subdivision on the index plate, in the position of rest of the indicating element or elements of the balance"

Approximate concentrations of electrolytes in plasma:

Cation          mEq/L

  Na⁺             ?  

  K⁺               ?  

 Ca²⁺                 ? 

Mg²⁺                ?

Cation          mEq/L

  Na⁺             140  

  K⁺               4  

 Ca²⁺                 5 

Mg²⁺                2

Approximate concentrations of electrolytes in plasma:

Anion          mEq/L

   Cl^-                   ?  

  HCO₃^-               ?  

 Protein^-                 ? 

HPO₄^2-, HPO₄^-      ?

 SO₄^2-                      ?

Organic acids     ?

Anion          mEq/L

   Cl^-                   102  

  HCO₃^-               26  

 Protein^-                 16 

HPO₄^2-, HPO₄^-      2

 SO₄^2-                      1

Organic acids     4

What is the maximum allowable weighing error for prescription compounding?

5%

Once the SR is known, one can calculate the minimum weighable quantity (MWQ) for a given prescription balance with a maximum of 5% error. 

Ex.:  6mg SR/5% error * 100% = 120 mg MWQ

Below 120 mg, do an aliquot.

What are the two most

common approaches to

calculating drug doses?

Body weight

and

Body surface area

For IV drips, what are some classifications (rates) for macrodrips?

10 drops/cc

12 drops/cc

15 drops/cc

For IV drips, what is the drip rate for a microdrip?

60 drops/cc

For an electronic infusion pump (IV) what is the typical range of delivery?

1-999 mL/hr

How can rates of delivery

of IV fluid be prescribed?

mL/hr

mL/min

drops/min

mg/min

or as total time of

administration

of the fluid