Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Dosage Forms-Butterweck
UFCOP
194
Health Care
Graduate
12/16/2008

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Suppositories are for insertion where?
Definition
rectum, vagina and urethra (solid df)
Term
Which type of suppository weighs more: rectal or vaginal?
Definition
Vaginal (5g), Rectal (2g)
Term
Adv. of Suppositories over oral therapy
Definition
acidic pH of the stomach or enzymes destroy the drug, drugs irritate the stomach, drugs are destroyed by the first liver passage
Term
disadv. of suppositories
Definition
uncomfortable, variation of absorption, irritation of the mucous caused by some drugs or bases
Term
What percentage of a drug will be absorbed into blood circulation from a suppository?
Definition
50-70%
Term
local action suppositories are used to treat..
Definition
hemorrhoid, fungal/bacterial infections, chronic inflammation, constipation
Term
drugs reach systemic circulation from a suppository throught what veins?
Definition
inferior, middle and superior hemorrhoidal veins
Term
factors affecting rectal absorption
Definition
lipid solubility, particle size and suppository vehicle
Term
cetylalcohol
Definition
suppository plasticizer
Term
surfactant
Definition
dispersant
Term
cocoa butter is also known as?
Definition
throbroma oil
Term
what % of trigylercerides are disaturated in cocoa butter?
Definition
80%
Term
what types of disaturated triglycerides are formed in cocoa butter?
Definition
20% SOS, 55% POS, 5% POP (stearic, oleic and palmitic acids)
Term
a mixture of liquid triglycerides entrapped in a network of crystalline solid triglycerides
Definition
cocoa butter
Term
do not heat cocoa butter above...
Definition
35 degrees C
Term
overheating of cocoa butter will lead to the formation of what?
Definition
its metastable form
Term
4 polymorphs of cocoa butter
Definition
beta- mp 34-36
beta'- mp 27
alpha- mp 22
gamma- mp 18
Term
two examples of synthetic triglycerides
Definition
witepsol and wacobee series
Term
T or F: synthetic tryglycerides exhibit polymorphism like cocoa butter
Definition
false
Term
derived from palm, palm kernel and coconut oils with a mp of 35-37
Definition
fattybase
Term
70% glycerin, 20% gelatin, 10% water; translucent and hygroscopic
Definition
glycerinated gelatin (best for vaginal suppositories, defecation reflex)
Term
PEG polymers
Definition
incompatible with many drugs, should not be stored in polystryene containers
Term
the most common method for making suppositories
Definition
fusion or melt molding
Term
desity can be experimentally determined using what method?
Definition
double casting
Term
destity factor eqtn
Definition
DF= weight of the drug/weight of the base displaced
Term
the skin is what % of total body weight?
Definition
16%
Term
functions of the skin
Definition
protection, excretory, secretory, sensory, homeostasis
Term
the epidermis is composed of layers of what type of cells?
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
thick skin has how many layers verse thin skin?
Definition
5 vs. 4
Term
function of the epidermis
Definition
mechanical and microbacterial protection, prevents fluid loss
Term
layer of the epidermis
Definition
stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosu, and germinativum
Term
keratinocytes are called corneocytes in this layer
Definition
corneum
Term
how many layers is the stratum corneum in thick skin?
Definition
15-20
Term
how many layers is the stratum corneum in thin skin?
Definition
3-4
Term
in what layers are the cells non-nucleated
Definition
corneum and lucidum
Term
what layer of the skin is the first line of defense for the body?
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
which layer is more common in thick skin only?
Definition
stratum lucidum
Term
3-4 layers of polygonal cells with central nuclei and many basophilic granules
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
thickened in palmer and plantar skin and has cytoplasmic extensions with desmosomes and many keratin filaments
Definition
stratum spinosum
Term
cuboidal cells attached to the basal lamina, mitotic epidernal stem cells
Definition
stratum basale/germinativum
Term
what is the turnover rate of cells through all skin layers?
Definition
15-30 days
Term
what skin layer contains merkel cells and melanocytes?
Definition
germinativum
Term
Lagerhan cells are in the immunity cells in what layer?
Definition
spinosum
Term
importance of vitamin D
Definition
regulates calcium and phosphorous in the blood and is needed to make cholesterol
Term
two layers of the dermis
Definition
papillary and reticular
Term
provides connective tissue support for the epidermis
Definition
dermis
Term
T or F: papillary layer vessels supply the epidermis
Definition
T
Term
subcutaneous layer of connective adipose tissue
Definition
hypodermis
Term
Protective topical agents
Definition
shield skin surface from harmful stimuli
Term
absorbents
Definition
absorb moisture from the skin and local wounds to discourage bacterial growth
Term
demulcents
Definition
alleviate irritaion of the mucous membrane
Term
emmolients
Definition
fat or oily substances used to increase moisture conten of the skin membrane
Term
astringents
Definition
coagulate blood
Term
rebefacients
Definition
increase skin temperature by increasing circulation at the surface
Term
caustics
Definition
destroy skin at the applied site (warts)
Term
keratolytics
Definition
cause peeling of the skin (acne treatment)
Term
the most common routes to permeate the skin are
Definition
trasepidermal and trasappendageal(sweat glands)
Term
incresed penetration of the skin occurs...
Definition
in children, injured skin, thinner sites, hydrated skin
Term
examples of penetratin enhancers
Definition
mineral oils, glycerin, PEG, alcohols
Term
semi-solid dosage forms
Definition
ointments and creams
Term
ointments and creams give a local or systemic effect?
Definition
local
Term
non medicated ointment uses
Definition
emollient, vehicle for medical ointments
Term
types of ointment bases
Definition
hydrocarbon, absorption, emulsion o/w, w/o, water miscible
Term
hydrocarbon bases are also called
Definition
oleaginous
Term
ointment base that is insoluble in water, not water washable, will not absorb water, emollient, occlusive and greasy
Definition
hydrocarbon
Term
water cannot permeate the ointment layer
Definition
occlusive
Term
examples of hydrocarbon bases
Definition
petrolatum, white petrolatum, yellow ointment
Term
95% petrolatum with 5% yellow wax
Definition
yellow ointment (hydrocarbon base)
Term
this ointment base is in a single phase of C16-C30 hydrocarbons entrapped int C30-C50 hydrocarbons
Definition
hydrocarbon bases
Term
petrolatum is a byproduct of petroleum that has been altered how?
Definition
by vaporization
Term
therapeutic properties of hydrocarbon bases
Definition
good occlusiveness- hydrates skin well and can enhace drug permeation
prolonged contact with skin
good protection
Term
patients dislike hydrocarbon bases because...
Definition
they are greasy and not water washable
Term
two types of absorption bases
Definition
form w/o emulsions (single phase)and those that are w/o emulsions (two phase)
Term
contain agents that can confer the ability to absorb water
Definition
anhydrous absorption bases
Term
Lanolin
Definition
absorption base that is a w/o emulsion and can absorb up to 30% of water, from sheeps wool
Term
hydrophilic petrolatum
Definition
absorption base that can form a w/o emulsion (anhydrous), made from cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white wax, and white petrolatum
Term
Aquaphor
Definition
petrolatum, mineral oil, mineral wax, and woolwax alcohol (anhydrous absorption base)
Term
examples of anhydrous absorption bases
Definition
hydrophilic petrolatum, aquaphor
Term
w/o absorption bases
Definition
contain water as compared to anhydrous ex. cold cream
Term
cold cream
Definition
melt cetyl esters wax and white wax the add mineral oil and heat to 70 degrees C and dissolve sodium borate in water and add to melted mixture
Term
o/w emulsion bases
Definition
insoluble in water, water washable, will absorb water, contains water, emollient, non-occlusive, non-greasy
Term
example o/w type emulsion
Definition
hydrophilic ointment (contains preservatives, parabens- bc have water)
Term
oily phase or lipophilic bases
Definition
white petrolatum and stearyl alcohol
Term
aqueous phase
Definition
water and propylene glycol
Term
emulsifying agent
Definition
sodium laurylsulfate
Term
water soluble bases
Definition
water soluble, water washable, will absorb water, non-occlusive, non-greasy
Term
polyethylene glycol ointment
Definition
water soluble base
the higher the number the more solid
Term
examples of water soluble bases
Definition
PEG ointment, glyceryl monostearate, cellulose derivatives, carbopol (high viscosity-thickening agent)
Term
preparation of ointments
Definition
incorporation (mortor and pestle and spatula), Fusion
Term
how much ointment can be lost in preparation and how should you compensate?
Definition
2-4 grams, add 10% or an extra 3g
Term
levigation
Definition
"wet grinding", use geometric dilution and a levigating agent to wet the powder
Term
mortor and pestle adv.
Definition
good for a lot of liquids and to reduce water loss
Term
the most commonly used method for compounding and most useful technique for altering ointments
Definition
levigation
Term
disadvantages of levigation
Definition
can feel gritty and have poor uniformity
Term
requirements for levigating agents
Definition
compatible with base, cannot influence viscosity, powders over crystalline drugs
Term
polysorbate 80
Definition
surfactant
Term
fusion
Definition
incorporate wax and hard fusible bodies into soft oleaginous materials and heat to fusion point then add liquid ingredients and add powder after the base congeals
Term
when do you use fusion?
Definition
when u have solids that cant be easily tirturated
Term
what should you add last in fusion?
Definition
methylparaben and propylparaben and drugs
Term
pitfalls of fusion
Definition
dont overheat and dont let the product discolor
Term
what should be used to melt ingredients in fusion?
Definition
a water bath or special low temp hot pate
Term
what should be done when adding an oil and an aqueous phase together?
Definition
heat the aq. phase a few degrees higher that the oil phase....aq. phase cools faster. minimize heat time to reduce evaporation
Term
T or F: in the cooling stage of formulation it is ok to put it in water or ice to make it cool faster.
Definition
false: it will change the consistency
Term
when should volatile ingredients be added?
Definition
when the product is cool to the back of the hand
Term
ointments should be stored...
Definition
at room temperature, away from children, and away from heat or direct sunlight
Term
is a preservative necessary if there is no water in the ointment?
Definition
No
Term
examples of chemical antimicrobial preservatives
Definition
p-hydroxybenzoates, phenols, benzoinc acid, sorbic acid, quat. ammonium salts, organic mercury compounds, formaldehyde
Term
absorption enhancers change the solvent properites of what skin layer?
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
example of absorption enhancers
Definition
dimethylsulphoxide and 2-pyrollidone
Term
help keep the drug in solution after application and help solubolize drugs
Definition
cosolvents (propylene glycol, glycerin and ethanol)
Term
cream
Definition
o/w emulsion, with less than 50% hydrocarbons and a higher water content than ointments
Term
what happens after the application of a cream?
Definition
water evaporates, leaving a thin residue film of stearic acid
Term
the internal phase of a cream ranges from what % w/w?
Definition
15-40%
Term
T or F: the thin film of creams in not continuous and not oleaginous, so it will be less occulsive than oily ointments
Definition
true
Term
what is the most accepted topical dosage form?
Definition
creams
Term
a high concentration of drug in the film is good for what?
Definition
drug delivery
Term
pastes
Definition
contain a larger portion of solids than ointments
Term
topical poweders are also called...
Definition
dusting powders
Term
adv of powders
Definition
they are relatively stable, are easy to apply
Term
disadv of powders
Definition
hygroscopic, can promote drying and reduce friction
Term
Talc
Definition
most lubricating but does not absorb water
Term
corn starch
Definition
least lubricating but can absorb water
Term
zinc oxide
Definition
falls b/w talc and corn starch
Term
a semisolid system of interlacing particles
Definition
Gel
Term
gel containing small inorganic particles
Definition
two phase system
Term
gel containing large organic particles
Definition
single-phase system (carbomer)
Term
gel characteristics
Definition
clear or turbid, sparkle, water washable and greaseless, cooling and moisturizing effect
Term
disadvantages of a gel
Definition
bateria/mold growth
Term
imbibition
Definition
soaking up a liquid without a marked increase in volume
Term
swelling
Definition
soaking up a liquid with an increase in volume
Term
syneresis
Definition
gel excludes fluid- causing shrinkage
Term
thixotropy
Definition
viscous during storage but loses consistency and become fluid upon shaking
Term
xerogel
Definition
liquid removed from a gel, only the framework remains
Term
alginic acid
Definition
from seaweed, swells in water, used in ice cream and yogurts
Term
most common alginate
Definition
calcium alginate fel
Term
carbomer
Definition
acrylic acid based polymers, used for oral suspensions and topical gels
Term
viscosity of carbomer is dependent of what?
Definition
pH, forms acidic aq. solutions at ~3 and thickens at pH 5-6
Term
a maximum of what % electrolytes can be added to carbomer before a rubbery mass forms?
Definition
3%
Term
viscosity of all cellulose derivatives is maintained over a wide pH range except..
Definition
CMC, carboxymethylcellulose
Term
T or F: cellulose derivatives are compatible with water and alcohol
Definition
true
Term
CMC is stable in what pH range
Definition
7-9
Term
T or F: CMC is soluble in water at all temps?
Definition
true
Term
Gum Arabic
Definition
highly branched with a b-Galactose backbone, water soluble and fat insoluble, low viscosity
Term
Gum Tragacanth
Definition
sap of legumes, polymer of galcturonic acid and galactose and galactose and arabinose and xylose, stable at pH 4-8, less common bc high cost
Term
a protein produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the bones and connective tissue of animals
Definition
gelatin (high viscosity in water)
Term
mixture of 5% low molecular weight polyethylene and 95% mineral oil
Definition
plasitbase- can be heated to 60 degrees C without change in viscosity
Term
trade name for poloxamers
Definition
pluronics
Term
poloxamers are nonionic blocks of copolymers composed of central hydrophobic chains of...
Definition
polyoxypropylene flanked by two polyoxyethylene
Term
forms from the weathering of volcanic ash, in the presence of water
Definition
bentonite
Term
bentonite is thixotropic True or false
Definition
true
Term
only what gelling agents are recommended for oral use?
Definition
carbopol, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and CMC
Term
how long do most gelling agents take to completely hydrate and reach max viscosity?
Definition
24-48hrs
Term
what is the difference between a topical solution and a topical tincture?
Definition
a tincture contains alcoholic vehicle
Term
examples of tinctures
Definition
green soap tincture and iodine tincture
Term
solid or semisolid spread upon backing for prolonged contact with the skin
Definition
plaster
Term
contain pyroxylin and used as an adhesive to close small wounds an dhold surgical dressings and topical medications
Definition
collodions
Term
T or F: collodions provide and occlusive protection for the skin.
Definition
true
Term
the cervix is composed of multiple layers of...
Definition
epithelial tissue
Term
beneath the layer of connective tissue of the vagina lies...
Definition
a number of immune cells
Term
normal vaginal pH
Definition
4-5
Term
lactobacilli
Definition
naturally occurring bacteria that release a number of anti-microbial compounds
Term
upon infection epithelial cells release
Definition
defensins/cytokines that recruit key immune cells
Term
adv of vaginal route
Definition
large SA, rich blood supply, alternate to oral route,avoid hepatic fist passs
Term
diadvantages of vaginal route
Definition
limited to potent molecules, adverse effects, hormone dependent changes
Term
contain antiinfective, hormonal substance prepared by compression, ovoid shape and plastic inserter
Definition
vaginal tablets
Term
encare
Definition
attacks the membranes of sperm causing the sperm to be immobilized
Term
nuva ring
Definition
once a month birth control, inserted for 21 days
Term
intauterine progesterone
Definition
release 60ug of progesterone/day, inhibit sperm survival and prevent nidation-- adv. no estrogen
Term
dinoprostone
Definition
cervidil, used to ripen cervix and induce labor
Term
often known as piles
Definition
hemorrhoids
Term
major ingredient in hemorrhoid creams
Definition
phenylephrine (vasoconstrictor)
Term
diastat
Definition
provides diazepam gel- clear slightly yellow andhas a pH b/w 6.5-7.2 (used to stop seizures)
Term
insertion of a solution into the rectum and lower intestine to remove feces
Definition
enema
Term
how does sodium phosphate enhances the effectiveness of the enema?
Definition
pulls water from the blood stream
Term
a special x-ray of the large intestin which includes the colon and rectum
Definition
barium enema- barium sulfate gives contrast
Term
the outer ear consists of the
Definition
pinna or auricle and the external auditory canal
Term
a short canal with small hairs and cerumen which helps protect hte ear canal by trapping dirt
Definition
external auditory canal
Term
the middle ear is an air space that contains:
Definition
ossicles (3 small bones), the opening of the eustachian tube (connects middle ear to the throat and serves to equalize pressure)
Term
the most complex part of the ear
Definition
inner ear
Term
the inner ear contains two sac-like structures called
Definition
the vestibules
Term
the inner ear contains
Definition
three semicircular canals and receptors that make hearing and balance possible and the vestibules
Term
otitis media is an infection when fluid builds up in the
Definition
middle ear
Term
if untreated otitis media can lead to
Definition
loss ofhearing and scarring of the tympanic membrane
Term
commonly referred to as swimmers ear
Definition
otitis externa
Term
an infection of the lining of the external auditory canal
Definition
otitis externa
Term
tinnitus
Definition
ringing in the ears (meniere's syndrome)
Term
symptoms of menieres's disease
Definition
dizziness, ringing in the ear, temporary hearing loss, feeling of pressurre in the ear
Term
conductive hearing loss
Definition
due to obstruction of sound waves
Term
sensorineural hearing loss
Definition
occurse when the receptors are unable to receive stimuli or transmit nerve impulses
Term
T or F: ear drops have local effect
Definition
true
Term
Debrox
Definition
remove cerumen (made of water, oil and peroxide) use at room temp
Term
when using ear drops you should...
Definition
pull ur earlobe upwards away from your neck
Term
for children under 3yrs pull the outer ear...
Definition
outward and downward
Term
for children over 3yrs old pull earlobe...
Definition
outward and upward
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