Term
| Suppositories are for insertion where? |
|
Definition
| rectum, vagina and urethra (solid df) |
|
|
Term
| Which type of suppository weighs more: rectal or vaginal? |
|
Definition
| Vaginal (5g), Rectal (2g) |
|
|
Term
| Adv. of Suppositories over oral therapy |
|
Definition
| acidic pH of the stomach or enzymes destroy the drug, drugs irritate the stomach, drugs are destroyed by the first liver passage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncomfortable, variation of absorption, irritation of the mucous caused by some drugs or bases |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of a drug will be absorbed into blood circulation from a suppository? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| local action suppositories are used to treat.. |
|
Definition
| hemorrhoid, fungal/bacterial infections, chronic inflammation, constipation |
|
|
Term
| drugs reach systemic circulation from a suppository throught what veins? |
|
Definition
| inferior, middle and superior hemorrhoidal veins |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting rectal absorption |
|
Definition
| lipid solubility, particle size and suppository vehicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cocoa butter is also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of trigylercerides are disaturated in cocoa butter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of disaturated triglycerides are formed in cocoa butter? |
|
Definition
| 20% SOS, 55% POS, 5% POP (stearic, oleic and palmitic acids) |
|
|
Term
| a mixture of liquid triglycerides entrapped in a network of crystalline solid triglycerides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do not heat cocoa butter above... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overheating of cocoa butter will lead to the formation of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 polymorphs of cocoa butter |
|
Definition
beta- mp 34-36
beta'- mp 27
alpha- mp 22
gamma- mp 18 |
|
|
Term
| two examples of synthetic triglycerides |
|
Definition
| witepsol and wacobee series |
|
|
Term
| T or F: synthetic tryglycerides exhibit polymorphism like cocoa butter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| derived from palm, palm kernel and coconut oils with a mp of 35-37 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 70% glycerin, 20% gelatin, 10% water; translucent and hygroscopic |
|
Definition
| glycerinated gelatin (best for vaginal suppositories, defecation reflex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incompatible with many drugs, should not be stored in polystryene containers |
|
|
Term
| the most common method for making suppositories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desity can be experimentally determined using what method? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DF= weight of the drug/weight of the base displaced |
|
|
Term
| the skin is what % of total body weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protection, excretory, secretory, sensory, homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| the epidermis is composed of layers of what type of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thick skin has how many layers verse thin skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of the epidermis |
|
Definition
| mechanical and microbacterial protection, prevents fluid loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosu, and germinativum |
|
|
Term
| keratinocytes are called corneocytes in this layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers is the stratum corneum in thick skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many layers is the stratum corneum in thin skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what layers are the cells non-nucleated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer of the skin is the first line of defense for the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which layer is more common in thick skin only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3-4 layers of polygonal cells with central nuclei and many basophilic granules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thickened in palmer and plantar skin and has cytoplasmic extensions with desmosomes and many keratin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cuboidal cells attached to the basal lamina, mitotic epidernal stem cells |
|
Definition
| stratum basale/germinativum |
|
|
Term
| what is the turnover rate of cells through all skin layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what skin layer contains merkel cells and melanocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lagerhan cells are in the immunity cells in what layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates calcium and phosphorous in the blood and is needed to make cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides connective tissue support for the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: papillary layer vessels supply the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| subcutaneous layer of connective adipose tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protective topical agents |
|
Definition
| shield skin surface from harmful stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorb moisture from the skin and local wounds to discourage bacterial growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleviate irritaion of the mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fat or oily substances used to increase moisture conten of the skin membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase skin temperature by increasing circulation at the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destroy skin at the applied site (warts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cause peeling of the skin (acne treatment) |
|
|
Term
| the most common routes to permeate the skin are |
|
Definition
| trasepidermal and trasappendageal(sweat glands) |
|
|
Term
| incresed penetration of the skin occurs... |
|
Definition
| in children, injured skin, thinner sites, hydrated skin |
|
|
Term
| examples of penetratin enhancers |
|
Definition
| mineral oils, glycerin, PEG, alcohols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ointments and creams give a local or systemic effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non medicated ointment uses |
|
Definition
| emollient, vehicle for medical ointments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrocarbon, absorption, emulsion o/w, w/o, water miscible |
|
|
Term
| hydrocarbon bases are also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ointment base that is insoluble in water, not water washable, will not absorb water, emollient, occlusive and greasy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water cannot permeate the ointment layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of hydrocarbon bases |
|
Definition
| petrolatum, white petrolatum, yellow ointment |
|
|
Term
| 95% petrolatum with 5% yellow wax |
|
Definition
| yellow ointment (hydrocarbon base) |
|
|
Term
| this ointment base is in a single phase of C16-C30 hydrocarbons entrapped int C30-C50 hydrocarbons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| petrolatum is a byproduct of petroleum that has been altered how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| therapeutic properties of hydrocarbon bases |
|
Definition
good occlusiveness- hydrates skin well and can enhace drug permeation
prolonged contact with skin
good protection |
|
|
Term
| patients dislike hydrocarbon bases because... |
|
Definition
| they are greasy and not water washable |
|
|
Term
| two types of absorption bases |
|
Definition
| form w/o emulsions (single phase)and those that are w/o emulsions (two phase) |
|
|
Term
| contain agents that can confer the ability to absorb water |
|
Definition
| anhydrous absorption bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorption base that is a w/o emulsion and can absorb up to 30% of water, from sheeps wool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorption base that can form a w/o emulsion (anhydrous), made from cholesterol, stearyl alcohol, white wax, and white petrolatum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| petrolatum, mineral oil, mineral wax, and woolwax alcohol (anhydrous absorption base) |
|
|
Term
| examples of anhydrous absorption bases |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic petrolatum, aquaphor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain water as compared to anhydrous ex. cold cream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melt cetyl esters wax and white wax the add mineral oil and heat to 70 degrees C and dissolve sodium borate in water and add to melted mixture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insoluble in water, water washable, will absorb water, contains water, emollient, non-occlusive, non-greasy |
|
|
Term
| example o/w type emulsion |
|
Definition
| hydrophilic ointment (contains preservatives, parabens- bc have water) |
|
|
Term
| oily phase or lipophilic bases |
|
Definition
| white petrolatum and stearyl alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water and propylene glycol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water soluble, water washable, will absorb water, non-occlusive, non-greasy |
|
|
Term
| polyethylene glycol ointment |
|
Definition
water soluble base
the higher the number the more solid |
|
|
Term
| examples of water soluble bases |
|
Definition
| PEG ointment, glyceryl monostearate, cellulose derivatives, carbopol (high viscosity-thickening agent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incorporation (mortor and pestle and spatula), Fusion |
|
|
Term
| how much ointment can be lost in preparation and how should you compensate? |
|
Definition
| 2-4 grams, add 10% or an extra 3g |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "wet grinding", use geometric dilution and a levigating agent to wet the powder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good for a lot of liquids and to reduce water loss |
|
|
Term
| the most commonly used method for compounding and most useful technique for altering ointments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of levigation |
|
Definition
| can feel gritty and have poor uniformity |
|
|
Term
| requirements for levigating agents |
|
Definition
| compatible with base, cannot influence viscosity, powders over crystalline drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incorporate wax and hard fusible bodies into soft oleaginous materials and heat to fusion point then add liquid ingredients and add powder after the base congeals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when u have solids that cant be easily tirturated |
|
|
Term
| what should you add last in fusion? |
|
Definition
| methylparaben and propylparaben and drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dont overheat and dont let the product discolor |
|
|
Term
| what should be used to melt ingredients in fusion? |
|
Definition
| a water bath or special low temp hot pate |
|
|
Term
| what should be done when adding an oil and an aqueous phase together? |
|
Definition
| heat the aq. phase a few degrees higher that the oil phase....aq. phase cools faster. minimize heat time to reduce evaporation |
|
|
Term
| T or F: in the cooling stage of formulation it is ok to put it in water or ice to make it cool faster. |
|
Definition
| false: it will change the consistency |
|
|
Term
| when should volatile ingredients be added? |
|
Definition
| when the product is cool to the back of the hand |
|
|
Term
| ointments should be stored... |
|
Definition
| at room temperature, away from children, and away from heat or direct sunlight |
|
|
Term
| is a preservative necessary if there is no water in the ointment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of chemical antimicrobial preservatives |
|
Definition
| p-hydroxybenzoates, phenols, benzoinc acid, sorbic acid, quat. ammonium salts, organic mercury compounds, formaldehyde |
|
|
Term
| absorption enhancers change the solvent properites of what skin layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of absorption enhancers |
|
Definition
| dimethylsulphoxide and 2-pyrollidone |
|
|
Term
| help keep the drug in solution after application and help solubolize drugs |
|
Definition
| cosolvents (propylene glycol, glycerin and ethanol) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| o/w emulsion, with less than 50% hydrocarbons and a higher water content than ointments |
|
|
Term
| what happens after the application of a cream? |
|
Definition
| water evaporates, leaving a thin residue film of stearic acid |
|
|
Term
| the internal phase of a cream ranges from what % w/w? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the thin film of creams in not continuous and not oleaginous, so it will be less occulsive than oily ointments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most accepted topical dosage form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a high concentration of drug in the film is good for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain a larger portion of solids than ointments |
|
|
Term
| topical poweders are also called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are relatively stable, are easy to apply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hygroscopic, can promote drying and reduce friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most lubricating but does not absorb water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| least lubricating but can absorb water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| falls b/w talc and corn starch |
|
|
Term
| a semisolid system of interlacing particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gel containing small inorganic particles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gel containing large organic particles |
|
Definition
| single-phase system (carbomer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear or turbid, sparkle, water washable and greaseless, cooling and moisturizing effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soaking up a liquid without a marked increase in volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soaking up a liquid with an increase in volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gel excludes fluid- causing shrinkage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viscous during storage but loses consistency and become fluid upon shaking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liquid removed from a gel, only the framework remains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from seaweed, swells in water, used in ice cream and yogurts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acrylic acid based polymers, used for oral suspensions and topical gels |
|
|
Term
| viscosity of carbomer is dependent of what? |
|
Definition
| pH, forms acidic aq. solutions at ~3 and thickens at pH 5-6 |
|
|
Term
| a maximum of what % electrolytes can be added to carbomer before a rubbery mass forms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| viscosity of all cellulose derivatives is maintained over a wide pH range except.. |
|
Definition
| CMC, carboxymethylcellulose |
|
|
Term
| T or F: cellulose derivatives are compatible with water and alcohol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CMC is stable in what pH range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: CMC is soluble in water at all temps? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly branched with a b-Galactose backbone, water soluble and fat insoluble, low viscosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sap of legumes, polymer of galcturonic acid and galactose and galactose and arabinose and xylose, stable at pH 4-8, less common bc high cost |
|
|
Term
| a protein produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from the bones and connective tissue of animals |
|
Definition
| gelatin (high viscosity in water) |
|
|
Term
| mixture of 5% low molecular weight polyethylene and 95% mineral oil |
|
Definition
| plasitbase- can be heated to 60 degrees C without change in viscosity |
|
|
Term
| trade name for poloxamers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| poloxamers are nonionic blocks of copolymers composed of central hydrophobic chains of... |
|
Definition
| polyoxypropylene flanked by two polyoxyethylene |
|
|
Term
| forms from the weathering of volcanic ash, in the presence of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bentonite is thixotropic True or false |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| only what gelling agents are recommended for oral use? |
|
Definition
| carbopol, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and CMC |
|
|
Term
| how long do most gelling agents take to completely hydrate and reach max viscosity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between a topical solution and a topical tincture? |
|
Definition
| a tincture contains alcoholic vehicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| green soap tincture and iodine tincture |
|
|
Term
| solid or semisolid spread upon backing for prolonged contact with the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contain pyroxylin and used as an adhesive to close small wounds an dhold surgical dressings and topical medications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: collodions provide and occlusive protection for the skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cervix is composed of multiple layers of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beneath the layer of connective tissue of the vagina lies... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| naturally occurring bacteria that release a number of anti-microbial compounds |
|
|
Term
| upon infection epithelial cells release |
|
Definition
| defensins/cytokines that recruit key immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large SA, rich blood supply, alternate to oral route,avoid hepatic fist passs |
|
|
Term
| diadvantages of vaginal route |
|
Definition
| limited to potent molecules, adverse effects, hormone dependent changes |
|
|
Term
| contain antiinfective, hormonal substance prepared by compression, ovoid shape and plastic inserter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attacks the membranes of sperm causing the sperm to be immobilized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once a month birth control, inserted for 21 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release 60ug of progesterone/day, inhibit sperm survival and prevent nidation-- adv. no estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cervidil, used to ripen cervix and induce labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major ingredient in hemorrhoid creams |
|
Definition
| phenylephrine (vasoconstrictor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides diazepam gel- clear slightly yellow andhas a pH b/w 6.5-7.2 (used to stop seizures) |
|
|
Term
| insertion of a solution into the rectum and lower intestine to remove feces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does sodium phosphate enhances the effectiveness of the enema? |
|
Definition
| pulls water from the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| a special x-ray of the large intestin which includes the colon and rectum |
|
Definition
| barium enema- barium sulfate gives contrast |
|
|
Term
| the outer ear consists of the |
|
Definition
| pinna or auricle and the external auditory canal |
|
|
Term
| a short canal with small hairs and cerumen which helps protect hte ear canal by trapping dirt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the middle ear is an air space that contains: |
|
Definition
| ossicles (3 small bones), the opening of the eustachian tube (connects middle ear to the throat and serves to equalize pressure) |
|
|
Term
| the most complex part of the ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inner ear contains two sac-like structures called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three semicircular canals and receptors that make hearing and balance possible and the vestibules |
|
|
Term
| otitis media is an infection when fluid builds up in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if untreated otitis media can lead to |
|
Definition
| loss ofhearing and scarring of the tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| commonly referred to as swimmers ear |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an infection of the lining of the external auditory canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ringing in the ears (meniere's syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of menieres's disease |
|
Definition
| dizziness, ringing in the ear, temporary hearing loss, feeling of pressurre in the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to obstruction of sound waves |
|
|
Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
|
Definition
| occurse when the receptors are unable to receive stimuli or transmit nerve impulses |
|
|
Term
| T or F: ear drops have local effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remove cerumen (made of water, oil and peroxide) use at room temp |
|
|
Term
| when using ear drops you should... |
|
Definition
| pull ur earlobe upwards away from your neck |
|
|
Term
| for children under 3yrs pull the outer ear... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for children over 3yrs old pull earlobe... |
|
Definition
|
|
