Definition: Pressure exerted by the atmoshpere at sea level (14.7psi)

Atmoshperic Pressure (143-144)

Definition: Guage reading pressure (units)

Psig (Pounds per square inch gauge) (144)

Definition: The psi above a perfect vacuum, absolute zero (Unit of measure).

Psia (Pounds per square inch absolute). (144)

Definition: Any pressure less than atmoshperic pressure.

Vacuum (136)

Definition: Absolute zero pressure.

Perfect vacuum. (144)

Definition: Gauge reading of less than 0 psi.

Negative pressure (144)

Definition: The height of a water supply above the discharge orifice.

Head (144)

Definition: The result of dividing the number of feet that the water supply is above the discharge orifice by 2.304,

Head pressure. (144)

Definition: Stored potential energy available to force water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters.

Static pressure ( 144)

Definition: At rest or without motion.

Static ( 144)

Definition: That pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands.

Normal operating pressure. (145-146)

Definition: That part of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters.

Residual pressure (146)

Definition: A remainder of the which is left.

Residual (146)

Definition: That forward velocity pressure at a discharge opening while water is flowing.

Flow pressure ( 146)

Definition: The center line of a pump or the bottom of a static water supply source above or below ground level.

Elevation ( 146)

Definition: The position of an object above or below sea level.

Altitude (146)

Definition: What happens when a nozzle is above the pump.

(elevation) Pressure loss (146)

Definition: What happens when a nozzle is below the pump.

(elevation) Pressure gain (146)

Definition: Another term for both pressure loss and pressure gain.

Elevation pressure (146)

Definition: That part of the total pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters.

Friction loss (147)

How many DOs does it take to screw in a lightbulb?

Go fuck yourself.

Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen formed when:

A. One hydrogen atom combines with one oxygen atom.

B. Two hydrogen atoms combine with one oxygen atom.

C. Two oxygen atoms combine with one hydrogen atom.

D. Two hydrogen atoms combine with two oxygen atoms.

B. Two hydrogen atoms combine with one ocygen atom. (135)

Water wxists in a liquid atate between:

A. 0F and 100F

B. 16F and 110F

C. 20F and 200F

D. 32F and 212F

D. 32F and 212F (135)

For fire protection purposes, ordinary fresh water is generally considered to wiegh:

A. 5.25 lb/gal.

B. 7.26 lb/gal.

C. 8.33 lb/gal.

D. 12.8 lb/gal.

C. 8.33 lb/gal. (136)

Water has the ability to extiguish fire in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A. Cooling.

B. Smothering.

C. Absorbing heat from the fire.

D. Excluding carbon monoxide.

D. Excluding carbon monoxide. (136)

As an extinguishing agent, water depends on all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Specific heat.

B. Specific gravity.

C. Specific pressure.

D. Latent heat of vaporization.

C. Specific pressure. (136)

What is specific heat?

A. A measure of the heat-absorbing capacity of a substance.

B. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1lb of water 1F.

C. The specific point at which a substance absorbs enough heat to combust.

D. The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor.

A. A measure of the heat-absorbing capacity of a substance. (136)

What unit os used to measure amounts of heat transfer?

A. Calorie

B. Kilopascal

C. British thermal unit (BTU)

D. Degrees Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C)

C. British thermal unit (BTU) (136)

What is a Btu?

A. A measure of the heat-absorbing capacity of a substance.

B. The reat required to raise the temperature of 1lb of water 1F.

C. The specific point at which a substance absorbs anough heat to combust.

D. The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor.

B. The reat required to raise the temperature of 1lb of water 1F. (136)

The latent heat of vaporization is:

A. A measure of the heat-absorbing capacity of a substance.

B. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water iF.

C. The specific point at which a substance absorbs enough heat to combust.

D. The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor.

D. The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor. (137)

Vaporization does not completely occure at boiling point. Each pound of water requires approximately ___ Btu of additional leat to completely convert into steam.

A. 790 Btu.

B. 934 Btu.

C. 970 Btu.

D. 1,023 Btu.

C. 970 Btu. (137)

The speed with which water absorbs heat increases in proportion to:

A. The temperature of the water.

B. The amount of steam expansion.

C. The temperature of the fire area.

D. The water surface exposed to the heat.

D. The water surface exposed to the heat. (137)

At 212F, water expands approximately ___ its original volume.

A. 1070 times.

B. 1500 times.

C. 1700 times.

D. 2500 times.

C. 1700 times. (138)

Steam expansion is ___ inside a buring building.

A. Rapid.

B. Gradual.

C. Nonexistant.

D. Unnecessary.

A. Rapid. (139)

What is viscosity?

A. A measure of the heat-absorbing capacity of a substance.

B. The heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1F.

C. The specific point at which a substance absorbs enough heat to combust.

D. The tendancy of a liquid to possess internal resistance to flow.

D. The tendancy of a liquid to possess internal resistance to flow. (139)

What is specific gravity?

A. Static pressure.

B. Atmospheric pressure.

C. The density of liquids in relation to water.

D. The viscocity of water in relation to solids.

C. The density of liquids in relation to water. (139)

What kinds of liquids are lighter than water and therefore float on water?

A. Those with a specific gravity less than 1.

B. Those with a specific gravity greater than 1.

C. Those with a specific gravity less than 10.

D. Those with a specific gravity greater than 10.

A. Those with a specific gravity less than 1. (139)

What kinds of liquids are heavier than water and sink to the bottom?

A. Those with a specific gravity less than 1.

B. Those with a specific gravity greater than 1.

C. Those with a specific gravity less than 10.

D. Those with a specific gravity greater than 10.

B. Those with a specific gravity greater than 1. (139)

Force is defined as:

A. Force per unit area.

B. A simple measure of space.

C. Force exerted on one substance by another.

D. A measure directly related to the force of gravity.

D. A measure directly related to the force of gravity. (140)

In order to understand how to determine force, it is necessary to know that the weight of 1 cubic foot of water is approximately:

A. 0.437 lbs

B. 8.33 lbs

C. 62.5 lbs

D. 102.8 lbs

C. 62.5 lbs (141)

Elevation is:

A. The term used to describe both pressure loss and pressure gain.

B. The position of an object above or below sea level.

C. The center line of the pump or the bottom of a static water supply source above or below ground level.

D. The part of the total pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters.

C. The center line of the pump or the bottom of a static water supply source above or below ground level. (146)

Altitude is:

A. The term used to describe both pressure loss and pressure gain.

B. The position of an object above or below sea level.

C. The center line of the pump or the bottom of a static water supply source above or below ground level.

D. The part of the total pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters.

B. The position of an object above or below sea level. (146)

When a nozzle is above the pump, there is a:

A. Gravity loss.

B. Pressure loss.

C. Pressure gain.

D. Elevation pressure.

B. Pressure loss. (146)

Friction loss is:

A. Pressure lost due to friction.

B. The term used to describe both pressure loss and pressure gain.

C. The position of an object above or below sea level.

D. Teh center line of the pump or the bottom of a static water supply source above or below ground level.

A. Pressure lost due to friction. (147)

Which of the following is NOT a cause of friction loss?

A. Couplings.

B. Sharp bends.

C. Improper valve size.

D. Change in hose size or orifice by adapters.

C. Improper valve size. (147)

Flow pressure will always be ___ mear the supply source and ___ at the farthest pont in the system.

A. Greatest/lowest.

B. Lowest/greatest.

C. Hardest/softest.

D. Softest/hardest.

A. Greatest/lowest. (148)

If velocity is increased beyond practical limits, the friction becomes so great that resistance agitates the entire stream, creating:

A. Critical celocity.

B. Terminal velocity.

C. Critical friction loss.

D. Terminal friction loss.

A. Critical celocity. (150)

Which of the following characteristics of hose layouts does NOT affect friction loss:

A: Hose length.

B. Hose diameter.

C. Kinks in the hose.

D. Sexless couplings on the hose.

D. Sexless couplings on the hose. (150)

What is water hammer?

A: The pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands.

B. The part of the total pressure lost when water is forced through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters.

C. The decrease of the amount of water flowing through a hose, reducing the speed of the water and therefore causing less froction loss.

D. The sudden stopping of water transmitted in the opposite direction, often at many times the original pressure.

D. The sudden stopping of water transmitted in the opposite direction, often at many times the original pressure. (151)

Close nozzles, hydrants, valves and hose clamps ___ to prevent water hammer.

A. Quickly.

B. Slowly.

C. Carefully.

D. Completely.

B. Slowly. (151)

Which of the following is NOT one of the four components of a municipal water supply system?

A. Source of water supply.

B. Means of moving water.

C. Wastewater treament plant.

D. Water distribution system.

C. Wastewater treament plant. (152)

Where can the primary water supply be obtained?

A. Water processing facility.

B. Water treatment facility.

C. Water distribution system.

D. Surface water or ground water.

D. Surface water or ground water. (152)

Which of the following is NOT a means of moving water?

A. Gravity system.

B. Treatment system.

C. Combination system.

D. Direct pumping system.

B. Treatment system. (152)

Which means of moving water uses one or more pumps that take water from the primary source and discharge it through the filtration and treatment process?

A. Gravity system.

B. Distribution system.

C. Combination system.

D. Direct pumping system.

D. Direct pumping system. (152-155)

Which means of moving water uses a primary water source located at a higher elevation than the distribution system.

A. Gravity system.

B. Distribution system.

C. Combination system.

D. Direct pumping system.

A. Gravity system. (152-155)

What is the fire department's main concern regarding treatment facilities?

A. That the process of treating water may lead to less available water volume and pressure.

B. That treatment facilities may not supply enough water to adequately firght large-scale fires.

C. That a maintenance error, natural disaster, loss of power supply or fire could disable the pumping stations.

D. That contaminants may not be completely removed, causing undue corrosion of hose and couplings.

C. That a maintenance error, natural disaster, loss of power supply or fire could disable the pumping stations. (155)

From where does the water supply distribution system receive water?

A. From the pumping station.

B. From the water treatment facility.

C. From a network of distribution systems.

D. From a ground or surface water source.

A. From the pumping station. (156)

A fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction is known as a:

A. One-way heading.

B. One way hydrant.

C. Dead-head hydrant.

D. Dead-end hydrant.

D. Dead-end hydrant. (156)

A distribution system that provides circulationg feed from several mains constitutes a:

A. Grid system.

B. Waffle system.

C. Gridiron system.

D. Crosshatch system.

A. Grid system. (156)

____ are large pipes (mains) with relatively widespread spacing, that convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains.

A. Distributors.

B. Contributors.

C. Primary feeders.

D. Secondary feeders.

C. Primary feeders. (156-157)

___ make up a network of intermediate-sized pipes thaat reinforce the grid within the various loops of the promary system and aid the concentration of the required fire flow at ony point.

A. Distributors.

B. Contributors.

C. Primary feeders.

D. Secondary feeders.

D. Secondary feeders. (156-157)

___ make a grid arrangement of smaller mains serving individual fire hydrants and blocks of consumers.

A. Distributors.

B. Contributors.

C. Primary feeders.

D. Secondary feeders.

A. Distributors. (156-157)

What is the function of a valve in a water distribution system?

A. To provide a means for controlling the flow of water through the distribution piping.

B. To receive water from the pumping station and deliver it throughout the area served.

C. To take water from the primary source and discharge it through the filtration and treatment processes.

D. Ton convey large quantities of water to various points of the system for local distribution to the smaller mains.

A. To provide a means for controlling the flow of water through the distribution piping. (157)

Valse spacing should be seuch that:

A. There is at least 12 feet between valves.

B. Valves are located at infrequent intervals.

C. Large amounts of pipe are connected by one valve.

D. Only a minimum length of pipe is out of service at one time.

D. Only a minimum length of pipe is out of service at one time. (157)

Which type of valve shows whether the gate or valve seat is open, closed or partially open.

A. Control valve.

B. Indicating valve.

C. Check valve.

D. Nonindicating valve.

B. Indicating valve. (157-158)

Which type of valve is a hollow metal post that is attached to the valve housing?

A. Control valve.

B. Butterfly valve.

C. Post indicator valve.

D. Nonindicating valve.

C. Post indicator valve. (157-158)

Which type of valve has a yoke on the outside with a threaded stem that controls the gate's opening or closing?

A. Control valve.

B. Butterfly valve.

C. Post indicator valve.

D. Outside screw and yoke.

D. Outside screw and yoke. (157-158)

Which types of valves are the most common types of valves used on most public water distribution systems?

A. Control valves.

B. Butterfly valves.

C. Post indicator valves.

D. Nonindicating valves.

D. Nonindicating valves. (157-158)

Friction loss in water pipes can be reduced by:

A. Using only steel pipes.

B. Operating valves periodically.

C. Flushing hydrants periodically.

D. Keeping valves partially open during use.

C. Flushing hydrants periodically. (159)

Which of the following is the average of the total amount of water used in a water distribution system over the period of one year?

A. Peak hourly consumption.

B. Average daily consumption.

C. Minimum daily consumption.

D. Maximum daily consumption.

B. Average daily consumption. (159-160)

Which of the following statements about private water supply systems is FALSE?

A. Private water supply systems are most often in residential developments.

B. The design of private water supply systems is typically similar to that of municipal systems.

C. Private water supply systems may service one large building or a series of buildings on the complex.

D. Most private water supply systems maintain separate piping for fire protection and domestic/industrial services.

A. Private water supply systems are most often in residential developments. (160)

T/F: Despite the intro duction of dry chemicals, dry powders and foams, water remains the most commonly used fire extinguishing agent.

True (135)

T/F: Water is heaviest close to it's boiling point.

False: Lightest closest to it's boiling point.

T/F: The Btu has taken the place of the calorie in the International System of Units.

False: The Joule has taken the place of the calorie in the Intermational System of Units. (136)

T/F: The use if a fog stream in a direct or combination fire attack requires that adequate ventilation be provided ahead of the hose line.

True (139)

T/F: Most flammable liquids have a specific gravity of more than 1.

False: Most flammable liquids have a specific gravity of LESS than 1. (139)

T/F: The friction loss in old hose may be as much as 50 percent greater than that in new hose.

True: (147)

T/F: To reduce friction loss due to hose length or diameter, reduce the length of hose or increase it's diameter.

True: (150)

T/F: Apparatus inlets and remote outlets should be equipped with dump valves to prevent damage to equipment from water hammer.

False: Apparatus inlets and remote outlets should be wquipped with PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES to prevent damage to equipment from water hammer.

T/F: The water department's principal function is to provide potable water.

True (151)

T/F: Two examples of surface water supply are water wells of water-producing springs.

False: Two examples of surface water supply are rivers and lakes.

T/F: Most communities use the gravity system as a means of moving water.

False: Most communities use a combination of the direct pumping and gravity systems.

T/F: When a fire hydrant receives water from two or more directions, it is said to have a circulating feed or a looped line.

True (156)

T/F: Valves should be opperated at least once every three years to keep them in good condition.

False: Valves should be opperated at least once a year to keep them in good condition. (157)

T/F: If valves are installed according to established standards, it normally will be necessary to close off only one or perhaps two fire hydrants from sevice while a single break is being repaired.

True (158-159)

T/F: The maximum daily consumption is the maximum total amount of water that was used during any 24-hour interval within a 3-year period.

True (159-160)

List five advantages of water as an extinguishing agent.

1. Water has a greater heat-absorbing capacity than other common extinguishing agents.

2. A relitively large amount of heat is needed to convert water to steam. This means more heat is absorbed from the fire.

3. The greater the surface area of water exposed, the more rapidly heat is absorbed. The exposed surface area of water can be expanded by using fog streams or deflecting solid streams off objects.

4. Water converted into steam occupies 1,700 times its original volume.

5. Water is plentiful, relatively inexpensive and readily available in most juristictions.

List five disadvantages of water as an extinguishing agent.

1. Water has a high surface tention and does not readily soak into dense materials. However, when wetting agents are mixed with water, the water's surface tention is reduced and its penetrating ability is increased.

2. Water may be reactive with certain fuels such as combustible metals.

3. Water has low levels of opacity and reflectivity that allow radiant heat to easily pass through it.

4. Water freezes at 32F, which is a problem in juristictions that frequently experience freezing atmospheric conditions. Water freezing poses a hazard to firefighters by coating equipment, roofs, ladders and other surfaces. In addition, ice forming in and on equipment may cause it to malfunction.

5. Water readily conducts electricity, which can be hazardous to firefighters working around energized electrical equipment.

List the 6 principals of fluid pressure.

1. Fluid pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts.

2. Fluid pressure at a point in a fluid at rest is the same intensity in all directions.

3. Pressure applied to a confined fluid from without is transmitted equally in all directions.

4. The pressure of a loquid in an open vessel is proportional to its depth.

5. The pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is proportional to the density of the liquid.

6. The pressure of a liquid on the bottom of a vessel is independant of the shape of the vessel.

List the four proncipals of friction loss.

1. If all other conditions are the same, friction loss varies directly with the length of the hose or pipe.

2. When hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increase in the velocity of the flow.

3. For the same discharge, friction loss varies inversely as the fifth power of the diameter of the hose.

4. For a given flow velocity, friction loss is approximately the same, regaurdless of the pressure on the water.