Term
| When was it discovered that chromosomes were made from DNA and protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did Griffith demonstrate transformation and how did he do it? |
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Definition
| 1928 and harmless K bacteria were transformed to virulent S bacteria |
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Term
| When did Oswald Avery demonstrate that DNA was responsible for transformation and how did he do it? |
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Definition
| 1944 and he showed that transformation wasn't affected by protein-destroying enzymes but was stopped by DNA-destroying enzymes |
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Term
| When did Hershey and Chase show that DNA is genetic material and how? |
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Definition
| They used Tsub2 phages that were radioactively labeled; super2P was found in the DNA of the phages and super35S was found in the protein coat |
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Term
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Definition
| a virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribose (a 5 carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
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Term
| Which bases are purines (double ring)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which bases are pyrimidines (single ring)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bases bond to each other and a deoxyribose sugar? |
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Definition
| adenine double bonds to thymine and guanine triple bonds to cytosine |
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Term
| What does the order of nucleotides control? |
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Definition
| the production of all proteins of an organism |
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Term
| Do the two strands of DNA go in the same or opposite directions (what is/are it/they called)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What type of replication leads to the daughter DNA having one new and one old strand? |
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Definition
| semiconservative replication |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main differences between DNA and RNA? |
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Definition
| RNA has a single strand of nucleotides; uracil replaces thymine; sugar is simply ribose |
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Term
| What do helicases do in replication? |
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Definition
| break the hydrogen bonds that bond complimentary bases |
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Term
| What do single-strand binding proteins do in replication? |
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Definition
| help keep the now-separated strands apart |
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Term
| What do topoismerases do in replication? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does DNA polymerase do? |
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Definition
| add nucleotides to exposed nucleotides according to base pairing rules and bonds sugars/phosphates |
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Term
| How many directions does DNA polymerase work in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which direction do new strands of DNA grow in during replication? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Does DNA polymerase have a proofreading function? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a replication fork? |
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Definition
| the site at which DNA separates and replication occurs |
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Term
| How many base pairs can be copied in a human in 6 hours? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe synthesis on the leading strand during replication. |
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Definition
| continuous in the 5' to 3' direction |
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Term
| Describe synthesis on the lagging strand during replication. |
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Definition
| grows in overall 3' to 5' direction, adding short segments called Okazaki fragments that individually grow in the 5' to 3' direction, the enzyme ligase joins fragments to the growing strand |
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Term
| How many errors go uncorrected during replication and what are they called? |
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Definition
| about 1 in a billion; mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece of DNA that codes for a protein |
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Term
| What are introns and exons (for purposes of replication)? |
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Definition
| noncoding segments in eukaryotic DNA; coding segments |
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Term
| What is a multigene family? |
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Definition
| a gene that exists in multiple copies (two codes make the same protein) |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that can move from one chromosomal location to another |
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Term
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Definition
| it acts as a tumor suppressor in normal cells |
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Term
| How many types of cancer have been found to have mutated p53? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does protein synthesis occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| a system of symbols used to store information |
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Term
| What is an example of a code? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many "words" are necessary for DNA coding? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nucleotides code for one amino acid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many triplets are possible in DNA code? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is it called when two triplets code for the same thing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who "cracked the genetic code"? What did he do? |
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Definition
| Marshall Nirenberg; added all-uracil to 20 test tubes, one for each amino acid to see what UUU coded for (the rest of the codes followed) |
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Term
| How do ribosomes make proteins? |
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Definition
| using instructions from foreign RNA |
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Term
| What is the code for phenylalanine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of mRNA? |
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Definition
| to carry code to ribosomes; direct formation of the amino acid sequence |
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Term
| What is the function of tRNA? |
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Definition
| pick up amino acids and carry them to a ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of rRNA? |
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Definition
| combine with proteins to form ribosomes |
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Term
| What is the first stage of transcription called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during transcription's initiation? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase binds to DNA at the promoter region and DNA unwinds, exposing the coding strand |
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Term
| What is the second stage of transcription called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during transcription's elongation? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase moves along the DNA coding strand, synthesizing an RNA strand |
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|
Term
| What is the third stage of transcription called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens during transcription's termination? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene or coding region. primary RNA transcript is released and the RNA polymerase falls off |
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Term
| What does methyl-guanine or mG do? |
|
Definition
| protects mRNA from enzymes, helps mRNA attach to ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is a Poly-A tail and what does it do? |
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Definition
| 100-200 adenine nucleotides; protects and helps transport mRNA through the nuclear envelope |
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Term
|
Definition
| parts of the primary transcript are cut out |
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Term
| What happens to introns during splicing? Exons? |
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Definition
| they are removed; they remain |
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Term
|
Definition
| primary transcript is spliced and tRNA is folded into a cloverleaf |
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Term
| Where does the formation of rRNA occur and how? |
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Definition
| nucleolus; primary rRNA transcript is sliced and modified |
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Term
| What triggers tRNA charging? When does tRNA charging happen? |
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Definition
| a tRNA charging enzyme recognizes one of the 20 amino acids and its specific tRNA; before translation |
|
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Term
| What happens during tRNA charging? |
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Definition
| the enzyme binds the amino acid and ATP, the ATP loses 2 PO4's, and the AMP joins the enzyme; the enzyme bonds to tRNA which displaces the AMP; the enzyme releases charged tRNA |
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|
Term
| What is a ribosome bonding site? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a P site's function? |
|
Definition
| to hold the tRNA carrying a growing polypeptide chain |
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Term
| What is an A site's function? |
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Definition
| to hold the tRNA with the newest amino acid to be added |
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Term
| What is in translation's initiation? |
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Definition
| the mG cap of RNA attaches to the ribosome, followed by several nucleotides that thread mRNA into ther ribosome, a start codon (AUG) is at the P site, and the methionine-charged tRNA pairs with AUG at the P site |
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Term
| What is in translation's elongation? |
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Definition
| the mRNA at the A site pairs with the charged tRNA, a peptide bond joins amino acids at the P and A sites (the polypeptide chain is transferred from the P site to the A site), the tRNA at the P site leaves, and the P site moves over one codon on the mRNA and the remaining tRNA goes to the P site from the A site |
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Term
| What is in translation's termination? |
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Definition
| the stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) reaches the A site & no anticodon matches with it, so the polypeptide is released and the ribosome separates |
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Term
|
Definition
| The grouping of bases into codons |
|
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Term
| Describe gene regulation in prokaryotes. |
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Definition
| genes are only expressed when their products are needed, saving energy and resources |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a cluster of genes that codes for proteins with related functions |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains genes needed for lactose metabolism in E. coli |
|
|
Term
| What is a promoter region? |
|
Definition
| the RNA polymerase binding site that signals the beginning of a gene |
|
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Term
| What are structural genes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an operator region? |
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Definition
| it acts as a switch to control RNA polymerase's access to structural genes |
|
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Term
| When are operons turned off? |
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Definition
| when a repressor binds to the operator |
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Term
| When are operons (particularly Lac Operon) turned on and what happens? |
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Definition
| when an inducer binds to the repressor and changes its shape - in lac operon, the inducer is allolactose - and the repressor falls off of the operator |
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Term
| How are genes regulated in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
| genes with related functions are scattered and are not in operons; instead, entire cells are dedicated to specific functions |
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|
Term
| In what type of chromosome can you see transcription and what is the specific area called? |
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Definition
| polytene; chromosome puff, where DNA loops out from the chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What are transcription factors? |
|
Definition
| proteins that allow RNA polymerase to bind to a gene |
|
|
Term
| What is an enhancer in transcription? |
|
Definition
| a region of DnA to which transcription factors bind and may be distant from the gene controlled |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an environmental agent that causes mutations |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cancer caused by? |
|
Definition
| mutations in genes that regulate cell growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread of malignant cells beyond their original site |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene that when mutated can cause cancer |
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