Term
| What criteria must genetic material meet? (4 things) |
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Definition
| Information, Replication, Transmission, and Variation |
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Term
| Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes contain what 2 kinds of compounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What basic components make up DNA |
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Definition
| 4 bases, sugar, and phosphate |
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Term
| In Streptococcus pneumoniae, what two kinds were studied? |
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Definition
| strains that secrete capsules look smooth and can cause fatal infections in mice vs. strains that DO NOT secrete capsules look rough and infections are not fatal in mice. |
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Term
| What bacteria was studied in Griffith's Bacterial Transformation Experiment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened during Griffith's Bacterial Transformation Experiment? What concept was this attributed to? |
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Definition
| Mice injected with heat killed type S (fatal strain) survive. Mice injected with heat killed type S and live R (non-fatal strain) died. Attributed to Transformation. |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of DNA and RNA nucleotides? |
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Definition
| Phosphate group, Pentose sugar, and Nitrogenous Bases |
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Term
| What are nitrogenous bases made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bases are purines and which bases are pyrimidines in DNA? Which one is different in RNA? |
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Definition
Purines: Adenine and Guanine (A and G)
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine (C and T)
In RNA the Thymine is replaces with Uracil |
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Term
| To what carbons are the base and phosphate groups attached to on the sugar carbons? |
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Definition
| Base attached to 1' and phosphate attached to 5' |
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Term
| What type of bonding bonds nucleotides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bond links what between 2 sugars? |
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Definition
| Phosphodiester bond, phosphate |
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Term
| What 2 things form the 'backbone' of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the directionality of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
keeps consistent width |
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Term
| How many base pairs per turn? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 strands of DNA are described by what 2 words? |
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Definition
| complementary and antiparallel |
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Term
| DNA has two kinds of grooves. What are they and which one is important and why? |
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Definition
| The minor and major groove. In the major groove proteins bind and affect gene expression |
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Term
| How many models are there for DNA replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| In replication what are the 2 kinds of strands referred to? |
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Definition
Newly made strands are daughter strands
Original strands are parental strands |
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Term
| What is the difference (atomically) between parental and daughter strands? |
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Definition
| Parental strands contain 15N (rare heavy form) while daughter strands contain 14N (common light form) |
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Term
| What is semiconservative Replication? |
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Definition
| During replication 2 parental strands separate and serve as template strands. New nucleotides obey Chargoff's rule. End results in 2 new double helices with same base sequence as original. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Bacterial DNA replication and Eukaryotic replication? |
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Definition
| Single origin of replication vs. multiple origins of replication |
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Term
| What does the Origin of replication provide? |
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Definition
| An opening called a 'replication bubble' that forms two replication forks. DNA replication proceeds outward from forks. |
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Term
| What is the function of DNA polymerase III? where does it function? |
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Definition
| covalently links nucleotides and deoxynuceloside triphosphates using the template strand (from a primer). Occurs at DNA polymerase catalytic site. |
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Term
| What is the function of Deoxynuceloside triphosphates and what are they made of? |
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Definition
| Break covalent bond to release pyrophosphate (2 phosphate groups) to provide energy to connect adjacent nucleotides. Made of free nucleotides with 3 phosphate groups |
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Term
| What are 2 enzymatic features of DNA polymerase? |
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Definition
DNA primase must make a short RNA primer to add to the DNA template strand (removed and replaced with DNA later). Must work from 5' to 3'
simply: need for a primer, directional synthesis |
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Term
| What is in the leading strand? |
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Definition
DNA synthesized as one long continuous molecule
DNA primase makes one RNA primer
DNA polymerase III attaches nucleotides 5' to 3' as it slides forward |
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Term
| What is in the lagging strand? |
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Definition
| DNA synthesized 5' to 3' but as Okazaki fragments |
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Term
| What is the function of Helicase? |
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Definition
| A class of enzymes. They are motor proteins that move directionally along the backbone of DNA to separate the two strands. |
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Term
| What is the function of Topoisomerase? |
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Definition
| Enzymes which regulate the over or underwinding of DNA. Binds to either a single or double stranded DNA and cuts and reseals the phosphate backbone of the DNA so that replication may occur. |
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Term
| What is the function of ssbp? |
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Definition
| Binds to single stranded regions of DNA to prevent premature annealing and protect the single stranded DNA from being digested by nucleases and to remove secondary structure from the DNA allowing other enzymes to function on it. |
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Term
| What is the function of ligase? |
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Definition
| An enzyme that can catalyze the fusion of segments of daughter and parent strands |
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