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Definition
| A site created when a base is removed by DNA Glycosylase during a Base Excision Repair (BER) The gap is later filled in by polymerase and sealed by ligase |
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Term
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Definition
| When cells kill themselves (ex. skin peeling due to pyrimidine dimers) |
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Term
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Definition
Recognition, removal and replacement of a single base alteration.
Glycolase-removes base
polymerase-adds new base
ligase-connects |
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Term
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Definition
Sequences that are involved in gene expression
They do not move in the cell
They only affect the DNA or RNA molecules to which it is attched
EX. -10, -35, TATA box sequences |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins and RNA molecules that bond to Cis-acting elements
Free to move throughout the cell
Can interact with unlinked targets
EX. sigma protein, TATA box binding protein |
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Term
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Definition
A compilation of the bases that will occur most often at each of the posititions in a DNA-binding site for a protein
THe closer a binding site is to the consensus the more effeceintly it will bind to the protein |
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Term
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Definition
The removal of an amine group from a base
Form of spontaneous DNA Damage
Converts a cytosine to Uracil
It can be corrected |
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Term
Depurination
Depyrimidation |
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Definition
The spontaneous removal of either a purine of pyrimidine
Due to the instability of the glycosidic bond
Results in an abasic site
Can be corrected by the insertion oh another base |
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Term
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Definition
The formation of a covalent bond between a chemical and a base in DNA
They can block DNA replication and cause incorrect base pairing
Interrupts the 3D structure of DNA |
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Definition
| seals nicks during repair of DNA damage |
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Definition
| Proteins bound to DNA sequences in order to increase the frequency of transcription or to inhibit transcription |
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Term
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Definition
Proofreaders
Correct mistakes made by DNA polymerase
Removes incorrect nucleotides so that polymerase can add the right one in |
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Term
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Definition
Exonucleases remove mismatched base
DNA polymerase and ligase fill in the nucleotide and seal the gap
Errors in mismatch repair can cause hereditary nonpolyposis corectal cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Encode information to synthesize proteins
Bacerial mRNA sequences are the same as gene sequences
Eukaryotic mRNA is initially the same as the gene sequence but it is later altered |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries amino acids to Ribosome for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
translates mRNA sequences into proteins
Makes up the majority of the cellular mRNA mass
Located in ribosome and carry out its functions
There are 3 types of rRNA in prokaryotes and 4 types of rRNA in eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
a change in the DNA sequence
Can cause cancer and other diseases |
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Term
| Nucleotide Excision Repair |
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Definition
Recognizes large adducts or pyrimidine dimers
Nuclease marks sequence section for removal
Helicase removes section of the sequence
polymerase adds nucleotides to fill in section and ligase seals nicks |
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Term
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Definition
2 Pyrimidines which are covalently bonded due to UV radiation
Type of environmental DNA damage
Results in blockage of replication due to the change in spacing of the bases
Repaired by Nucleotide Excision Repair
Can result in apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
Environmental DNA damage
Oxidative DNA damage which is caused by the formation of an OH radical
Can cleave the deoxyribose or the phosphate backbone or damage the base |
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Term
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Definition
Sequence of 'T's and 'A's found in the promoter region of DNA
Binding site of transcription factors and histones
Involved in transcription using RNA polymerase II
Cis-acting element |
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Term
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Definition
Alternate form of a base due to a proton shift
Can leade to base mis-pairing
T and G are normally found in Keto form
A and C are found in Amine form |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins that bind cis and trans acting sequences
Enhancer sequences
Repressor sequences |
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Term
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Definition
Phases in eukaryotic multicellular organisms where the cell can respond to DNA damage by repairing it or by apoptosis (cell death)
G1 and G2 |
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Term
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Definition
Initial DNA-RNA polymerase complex that is formed prior to transcription before the DNA is unwound.
Occurs when sigma subunit binds DNA promoter sequence with RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| When DNA is unwound as RNA polymerase binds the first nucleotide with the base at the start site to begin transcription |
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Definition
| Region of transcription factors (enhancers) which bind to other proteins to promote recruitment of TFIID or RNA polymerase II |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of transcription factors (enhancers) that bind to a specific DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
Element of DNA that indicates the start site for transcription
It is a short DNA sequence found at the 5' end of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Specific to each base and recognizes and removes the damaged base during base excision repair
Also recognizes a normal but mis-incorporated base |
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