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| ____,_____,____,____ determined the shape of DNA |
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| Franklin, Watson, Crick, Wilkins |
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| Nucleotide (get linked together to make chain) |
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| Each nucleotide is made up of 3 components: |
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1.) A 5 carbon sugar called deoxyribose
2.) A phosphate group
3.) A Nitrogen base |
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| Purines (double-ring molecules)= |
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| Pyrimidines (single-ring molecules)= |
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| The "backbone" of DNA is formed by altering _____ and ______ groups of each nucleotide |
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| A DNA molecule looks like a twisted ladder with the nitrogenous bases as rungs- a double helix |
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| A ______ in one strand is always paired with a _____ base on the opposite strand |
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| Adenine always bonds with what? |
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| Cytosine always bonds with whaaaat? |
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| _____ bonds (very weak bonds) hold the bases together |
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| _______ bonds (very strong bonds) hold the deoxyribose and phosphates to the bases |
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| One DNA strand serves as the ______ for the other strand to be built |
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| The double helix unwinds with the help of enzymes called...? and what does it do |
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| DNA Helicase, which breaks the base-pairs (H-bonds) and opens up the molecule |
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| Hold the strands apart so they don't twist up |
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| Enzymes known as __________ move along each of the strands and add complementary base-pairs to each strand, creating two new double helixes |
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| AAANOTHER FUUUN FAAACT!!!! |
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| DNA polymerase also has the job of "proofreading" and does not add bases if the previous nucleotide is not paired up correctly. If a mistake occurs, the enzyme can correct it. |
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| What is nucleotide in DNA made up of |
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| 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base |
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| 3 differences between DNA and RNA |
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1. the sugar in RNA is Ribose (DNA is deoxyribose)
2. RNA is single stranded (DNA is double stranded)
3. Adenine (A) pairs with Uracil (U) instead of Thymine (T) Guanine (G) still pairs with Cytosine (C) |
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| the instructions for making a protein are transferred from a gene to an RNA molecule |
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| takes the instructions for making a protein to the site of translation |
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| the instructions written as a series of 3 nucleotides |
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| An enzyme called RNA Polymerase attaches to the start signal to transcribe the information on the DNA molecule. |
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| RNA polymerase unwinds and separates the DNA strands |
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| RNA polymerase "reads" the sequence of bases and makes a complementary strand- substituting uracil for thymine. |
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| Transcription proceeds until it reaches a stop codon on the DNA. The RNA molecule then detaches and is ready to be translated into an amino acid sequence. |
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| The information from the mRNA is read or "decoded" to put together the amino acid sequence that forms a protein |
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| carries the specific amino acid to be placed in order in the protein chain |
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| what is the amino acid chosen by |
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| anticodon on tRNA that is complementary to the codon in mRNA |
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| translation begins when the mRNA leaves the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm. The tRNA carries the amino acid for the start codon and starts translating the code |
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| Ribosomes in the cytoplasm aid in translation. they hold the mRNA in place and allow the tRNA to bind its amino acid to the chain |
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| the ribosome moves along the mRNA code and signals for the tRNA to bring its specific amino acid for each 3-base code and bind it to the amino acid chain with a peptide bond. |
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| translation proceeds until a stop codon is reached. the newly made protein chain is released into the cell to perform its specific duty for the cell |
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| changes in one or a few nucleotides |
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| nucleotides are deleted or added and the "reading frame" of the genetic message is changed |
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