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| process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria |
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| virus that infects bacteria |
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| monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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| principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
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| granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
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| globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
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| copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
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| enzyme that “proofreads” new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA |
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| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
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| RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
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| type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
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| type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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| process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
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| enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription |
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| region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA |
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| intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein |
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| expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |
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| three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
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translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
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| group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
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| change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
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| mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another |
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| mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
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| condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
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| group of genes operating together |
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| region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned off” |
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| process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
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| series of genes that controls the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of an embryo |
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